1. SOCIOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
CONTROL AND DEVIANCE

2. SECTION 1

3. INTERNALIZATION When a norm is part of a person’s personality.
Conditions the individual to conform to society
Follow societies norms and expect others to follow them also.

4. SANCTIONS A way to motivate people to internalize society’s norms
Reward or Punishment to enforce conformity

5. NEGATIVE SANCTION
Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

6. POSITIVE SANCTIONS
Rewards for a behavior

7. FORMAL SANCTION
PUNISHMENT OR REWARD GIVEN BY A FORMAL ORGANIZATION OR REGULATORY AGENCY
FINES, LOW GRADES, PRISON
DIPLOMA, MEDALS , ETC

8. INFORMAL SANCTION
SPONTANEOUS
EXPRESSION OF APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL

9. SOCIAL CONTROL ENFORCING NORMS THROUGH INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL MEANS
LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

10. SECTION 2

11. DEVIANCE/DEVIANT
BEHAVIOR THAT VIOLATES SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL NORMS

12. LABELING DEVIANCE TWO PARTS
INDIVIDUAL HAS TO BE DETECTED COMMITTING A DEVIANT ACT
INDIVIDUAL MUST BE STIGMATIZED BY SOCIETY

13. STIGMA
FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL SPOILED SOCIAL IDENTITY MARK OF SOCIAL DISGRACE THAT SETS A DEVIANT APART FROM THE REST OF SOCIETY.

14. CRIMINOLOGIST
SOCIAL SCIENTIST WHO STUDY CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

15. EMILE DURKHEIM “THE RULES OF SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD”
DEVIANCE HAS SOME POSITIVE SOCIAL USES
CLARIFIES NORMS
UNIFIES GROUPS
DIFUSES TENSION
PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE
CAN ALSO PROVIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT (NON DURKHEIM)

16. ANOMIE
HAPPENS WHEN THE NORMS OF SOCIETY AREN’T CLEAR OR ARE NO LONGER APPLICABLE
PEOPLE DON’T HAVE SUFFICIENT GUIDELINES FOR BEHAVIOR
CAUSES CONFUSION FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY.

17. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
NATURAL PART OF SOCIETY
POSITIVE FUNCTION

18. MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY
PART OF FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
DEVIANCE IS A NATURAL OUTGROWTH OF VALUES, NORMS, AND STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
THE STRAIN OF THE GOALS SET BY SOCIETY CAN’T BE ACHIEVED AND THIS CAUSES DEVIANCE.
EXAMPLE P. 164

19. MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY CONT.
5 WAYS INDIVIDUALS RESPOND TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS OF SOCIETY CULTURALLY APPROVED GOALS LEGITIMATE MEANS OF ACHIEVING THESE GOALS MODES OF ADAPTATION

20. 1. CONFORMITY ACCEPT CULTURES GOALS AND FOLLOW NORMS
MOST COMMON RESPONSE
PEOPLE ACCEPT THE GOALS AND THE WAYS TO ACHIEVE THEM
DOESN’T MATTER IF THERE IS SUCCESS OR FAILURE THE MEANS IS LEGITIMATE
DOES NOT EMPLOY DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

21. THE NEXT 4 MODES OF ADAPTAION IN MERTON’S THEORY EMPLOY DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

22. 2. INNOVATION ACCEPT CULTURES GOALS DON’T FOLLOW CULTURE’S NORMS
EXAMPLE P. 164

23. 3. RITUALISM THE RITUAL IS TO UPHOLD THE NORMS BUT NOT THE GOAL
EXAMPLE P. 164

24. 4. RETREATISM REJECT GOALS AND NORMS DROP OUT OF SOCIETY
EXAMPLE P. 164

25. 5. REBELLION TRY TO REPLACE GOALS AND NORMS
USE VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT MEANS TO ACHIEVE ALTERNATE GOALS

26. RITUALISTS NOT SEEN AS THREAT TO SOCIETY
INNOVATORS, RETREATISTS AND REBELS SEEN AS THREAT TO SOCIETY

27. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
THERE IS DEVIANCE BECAUSE OF THE COMPETITION AND INEQUITY
SOCIAL LIFE IS A STRUGGLE BETWEEN THOSE WITH POWERS AND THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVE POWER
PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS TO KEEP POWER AND GET POWER
THE RULING CLASS LABELS ANY BEHAVIOR THAT THREATENS THEIR POWER BASE AS DEVIANT

28. INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
INTERACTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS INFLUENCES DEVIANCE
THREE THEORIES
CONTROL THEORY
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
LABELING THEORY

29. CONTROL THEORY SIMILAR TO STRAIN THEORY IN IT IS NATURAL BUT….
CONTROL THEORISTS ARE MORE INTERESTED IN WHY PEOPLE CONFORM RATHER THAN WHAT CAUSES DEVIANCE

30. SOCIAL TIES INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
THOSE MORE INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY MORE LIKELY TO CONFORM

31. TRAVIS HIRSCHI CONTROL THEORIST
DEVELOPING A STRONG SOCIAL BOND LEADS TO LOWER RATES OF DEVIANCE
BOND IN 4 WAYS
1. ATTACHMENT WITH THOSE WHO ACCEPT THE NORMS OF SOCIETY (PARENTS, TEACHER, FRIENDS)
2. STRONG BELIFE IN SOCIETY’S MORAL CODES
3. SHOW COMMITMENT TO TRADITIONAL GOALS AND VALUES
4. INVOLVED IN NODEVIANT ACTIVITIES

32. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
SOCIALIZATION IS KEY
DEVIANCE IS A LEARNED BEHAVIOR THROUGH INTERACTION WITH OTHERS
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION: SUTHERLAND: THE FREQUENCY AND CLOSENESS OF ASSOCIATIONS A PERSON HAS WITH DEVIANT AND NODEVIANT INDIVIDUALS

33. SYKES AND MATZA DIFFERENTAIL ASSOCIATION
SOME PEOPLE SHOW A STRONG COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY’S NORMS BUT STILL ENGAGE IN DEVIANCE
TECHNIQUE OF NEUTRALIZATION: SUSPENSION OF MORAL BELIEFS AND RESPONSIBILITIES TO COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS

34. LABELLING THEORY
FOCUS ON HOW INDIVIDUALS COME TO BE IDENTIFIED AS DEVIANT
NOTES THAT ALL PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS DURING THEIR LIVES
TWO TYPES OF DEVIANCE: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

35. PRIMARY DEVIANCE PRIMARY: OCCASIONAL VIOLATION OF NORMS
GOES UNDETECTED BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY
NOT CONSIDERED DEVIANT BY THE INDIVIDUAL WHO COMMITS THE ACT

36. SECONDARY DEVIANCE
DEVIANCE IS A LIFESTYLE AND RESULTS IN THE DEVIANT LABEL.

37. SECTION 3

38. CRIME ANY ACT LABELED BY AUTHORITIES AND PROHIBITED BY LAW
P. 171 FOR CLASSIFICATION

39. 5 CATEGORIES OF CRIME IN U. S.
VIOLENT CRIMES
PROPERTY CRIMES
VICTIMLESS CRIMES
WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES
ORGANIZED CRIME

40. VIOLENT CRIMES A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF ALL CRIMES COMMITTED ARE VIOLENT
CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON
MURDER, HOMICIDE, RAPE, ROBBERY, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, ETC.

41. PROPERTY CRIMES STEALING OR DAMAGING PROPERTY
BURGLARY, LARCENY (THEFT NOT AUTO), ARSON, AUTO THEFT

42. VICTIMLESS CRIME THE PERSON COMMITTING THE CRIME IS THE ONE HARMED
ILLEGAL GAMBLING, ILLEGAL DRUG USE, PROSTITUION, VAGRANCY

43. WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
MISREPRESENTATION, FRAUD, EMBEZZLEMENT, PRICE-FIXING, INSIDER TRADING, ECT.

44. ORGANIZED CRIME
CRIME SYNDICATE: LARGE-SCALE ORGANIZATION THAT CONTROLS SOME VICE OR BUSINESS THROUGH VIOLENCE OR THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE
VICE: OFFENSES INVOLVING IMMORALITY
DRUG TRAFFICKING, ILLEGAL GAMBLING, UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES, ETC.

45. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
POLICE
COURTS
CORRECTIONS

46. JUVENILE-JUSTICE SYSTEM
MOST STATES HAVE A SYSTEM FOR PEOPLE UNDER THE AGE OF 18
USUALLY PROVIDES MORE SERVICES THAN THE ADULT SYSTEM

47. POLICE MOST IMMEDIATE CONTROL OVER WHO IS ARRESTED
POLICE DISCRETION: USE THEIR OWN JUDGEMENT IN DECIDING WHETHER OR NOT TO ARREST BECAUSE U.S POPULATION, NUMBER OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES, AND THE NUMBER OF FULL-TIME OFFICERS

48. POLICE DISCRETION IN DECIDING TO ARREST THE POLICE CONSIDER
THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE CRIME
WISHES OF THE VICTIM
WHETHER OR NOT BYSTANDERS ARE PRESENT
THE ATTITUDE OF THE SUSPECT

49. RACIAL PROFILING
THE PRACTICE THAT ASSUMES THAT NONWHITE AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES THAN WHITE AMERICANS

50. COURTS
AFTER THE ARREST THE ACCUSED BECOMES THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COURTS
COURT HOLDS A TRIAL TO DETERMINE GUILT
THE COURT ASSIGNS PUNISHMENT IF GUILTY

51. PLEA BARGAINING
LEGAL NEGOTIATION THAT ALLOWS A PERSON TO PLEAD GUILTY TO A LESSER CHARGE IN RETURN FOR A LIGHTER SENTENCE
90% OF CASES SETTLED

52. CORRECTIONS SANCTIONS USED TO PUNISH CRIMINALS
IMPRISONMENT, PAROLE, PROBATION, COMMUNITY SERVICE

53. FUNCTIONS OF SANCTIONS
RETRIBUTION: REVENGE FOR THE VICTIM AND SOCIETY
DETERRENCE: DISCOURAGE OFFENDERS FROM COMMITTING FUTURE CRIMES AND TO MAKE THE REST OF SOCIETY THINK TWICE BEFORE BREAKING THE LAW
REHABILITATION: REFORM CRIMINALS INTO LAW-ABIDING CITIZENS
SOCIAL PROTECTION: SOCIETY PROTECTS ITSELF FROM ADDITIONAL CRIMES

54. RECIDIVISM
REPEATED CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR