1. Natural Selection and the Evidence of Evolution (15.1) Evolution Foldable 1.Fold 4 pieces of paper, so you have 7 layered flaps 2.Write “Evolution” on the top flap as a title

2. On each flap write: 1.Modern Theory of Evolution 2.Origins of Evolution 3.Natural Selection & Types 4.Influences of Evolution 5.Patterns of Evolution & Speciation 6.Evidences of Evolution 7.Evidences continued…

3. 1. Modern Theory of Evolution

4. (Inside) On Top Half of 1 st Flap draw: EVOLUTION What is Evolution?What is Natural Selection? Why makes certain individuals more able to survive? How does Natural Selection work?

5. What is evolution? The change in populations over time.

6. Insights into why only certain individuals survive… Traits vary among populations; these traits are inherited Breeding with others that had desirable traits produced offspring with these traits

7. What is natural selection? Mechanism of change in populations over time

8. The process of natural selection… Occurs when organism with favorable variations survive, reproduce, and pass on their variations to the next generation Without these variations, organism is less likely to survive Each new generation thus consists largely of offspring with variations aiding their survival

9. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 1 st Flap: Who is Darwin?Who is Malthus?

10. Who is Charles Darwin? English scientist/naturalist whose ideas provide foundation for the theory of evolution by natural selection Sailed on HMS Beagle for 5 years studying and collecting biological and fossil specimens

12. Major Ports of Call… Galapagos Islands –Location: Near equator, 1000km off west coast of S. America –What he studied: many species of animals and plants unique to the island, but are similar elsewhere –Major findings: Observations led to his consideration that species change over time

13. Darwin’s book… 1859, The Origin of Species Detailed account on his ideas and theories that support evolution

14. Darwin’s Hypothesis… Artificial Selection- breeding organism with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits There is force in nature that works like artificial selection

15. Thomas Malthus Proposed idea that human populations grow faster than Earth’s food supply

16. How Malthus affected Darwin’s ideas… Realized organisms struggle to compete in changing environments. Many types of competition exist: –Food and space –Escaping predators –Location of shelter

17. 2. Origins of Evolution

18. (Inside) On Top Half of 2 nd Flap draw: BIOGENSISSPONTANEOUS GENERATION

19. Spontaneous Generation Theory states that non-living matter produces life Disproved by Redi’s Experiment “Life does not just appear, it comes from other living things”

20. Biogenesis Theory that living things come from other living things Proven by Pasteur’s experiment

21. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 2 nd Flap : Paste/Tape pictures

22. 3. Natural Selection

23. (Inside) On Top Half of 3rd Flap draw: NATURAL SELECTION What is Natural Selection?How does it occur? What are the types of Natural Selection? Picture

24. Natural Selection What is it? Change in an allele over a period of time How does it occur? Occurs in populations! Evolution can not occur in a single individual

25. Types of Natural Selection are: Stabilizing Directional Disruptive Picture:

26. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 3rd Flap write: Glue in the following picture & Label the following: A) mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction B) Mode of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes, selects against extreme values of the character and favors the intermediate variants C) extreme values for a trait are favored; the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups

27. 4. Influences of Evolution

28. (Inside) On Top Half of 4th Flap write: Glue in the following picture & Label the following: Genetic Equilibrium Defined as the frequency of alleles that remains the same over generations Evolution only occurs when alleles are not in equilibrium Label the picture that shows “genetic equilibrium” Mutations Any change in DNA Causing individuals in a population to express a new phenotype

29. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 4th Flap write: Glue in the following picture & Label the following: Gene Flow also called migration addition of genes into a population alters allelic frequencies Genetic Drift random events remove genes from a population gene frequencies in a population change

30. 5. Patterns of Evolution & Speciation

31. (Inside) On Top Half of 5th Flap write: Glue in the following picture & Label the following: Divergent Evolution Species that evolve to be different even though they come from a common ancestor Convergent Evolution Species that evolve to be similar to each other For example: they have similar structures

32. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 5th Flap write: Glue in the following picture & Label the following: Speciation a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species

33. 6. Evidences of Evolution

34. (Inside) On Top Half of 6th Flap write: Evidences of Evolution Adaptations- structural and physiological Fossil Evidence Comparative anatomy –Homologous, analogous, vestigial Embryology Geographical distribution of species –biogeography Biochemistry –DNA analysis in a species over many generations

35. Continuation Why? –Variation that aids an organisms chances of survival in its environment –Develop

36. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 6th Flap write: Structural Adaptations Teeth and Claws –Protect against predators Mimicry –Enables one species to resemble another Camouflage –Enables species to blend with surroundings Physiological Adaptations What are they? –Changes in organism’s metabolic processes Example: –After years of exposure to specific pesticides, insects and weeds have become resistant

37. (Inside) On Top Half of 7th Flap write: Fossil Evidence Indirect source Provide record of early life As record becomes more complete, the sequence of evolution is clearer Anatomical Evidence 1.Homologous Structures- common evolutionary origin 2. Analogous Structures- no common origin, but similar in function

38. (Inside) On Bottom Half of 7th Flap write: Anatomical Evidence Vestigial- body structure in present day organism that no longer serves original purpose Embryological Evidence Similarities in development before birth Biochemical Evidence All organisms share DNA, ATP and many enzymes among their biochemical molecules