2. Starter – (Inquiry Activity) 1.What kind of characteristics do you observe in both samples? 2.How do the samples differ? 3.Both of these samples belong to different groups. Hypothesize how these might be classified into 2 different groups. http://www.palagems.com/Images/mineral_ne ws/am_min_treas_96-85-14.jpg http://organicconnectmag.com/wp/wp- content/uploads/2011/11/pyrite.jpg Wulfenite Pyrite

3. Let’s see what you remember

4. Pretest (page 36) 1.What are the three particles that make up atoms? a.Protons, isotopes, electrons b.Protons, neutrons, electrons c.Protons, isotopes, neutrons d.Neutrons, isotopes, electrons 2.What are the main types of chemical bonds? 3.What elements make up NaCl? a.Sodium and carbon b.Sodium and calcium c.Sodium and chlorine d.Nitrogen and chlorine 4.A 1 cm 3 sample of a mineral has a mass of 2 grams. What is the density of the mineral? a.1 b.1 g/cm 3 c.2g/cm 3 d.2

5. 2.1 Matter Today, you will be able to: Explain how elements are related to minerals. Identify the kinds of particles that make up atoms. Explain the differences between ions and isotopes. Explain what compounds are and describe why they form. Compare and contrast the three major types of chemical bonds. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm ons/thumb/e/e2/Stylised_Lithium_Atom.png/2 00px-Stylised_Lithium_Atom.png

6. Vocabulary (index cards) Isotope Ion Compound Chemical bond Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond Matter Element Atom Proton Neutron Electron Atomic number Mass number (atomic mass) Energy level

7. Matter You and everything else in the universe are made of matter. Matter is anything that has volume and mass. On Earth, matter exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. It is useful to look at matter’s chemical composition and structure.

8. Elements Each of the nearly 4,000 minerals on Earth have a unique composition and structure. They are all made of elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means. There are 117 known elements. 92 occur naturally.

9. Elements All elements are organized on a chart called the periodic table. Rows (periods) Columns (groups) http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/periodic3.gif

10. Elements Of the known elements, only eight make up most of Earth’s crust. They combine in thousands of ways to form compounds. ElementPercentage Oxygen46.6 Silicon27.7 Aluminum8.1 Iron5.0 Calcium3.6 Sodium2.8 Potassium2.6 Magnesium2.1 All others1.7

11. Atoms All elements are made of atoms. An atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element. Central region is nucleus  contains protons (+) and neutrons (0) Electrons (-) surround the nucleus in energy levels http://www.spaceinspired.co.uk/home/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/atom.jpg

12. Atoms How are an atom’s nucleus and a cell’s nucleus similar? How are the two nuclei different? http://www.spaceinspired.co.uk/home/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/atom.jpg http://www.4to40.com/images/science/Par ts_of_a_Cell/Plant_Cell_Diagram.jpg Both are the central structures of a basic unit Cell nucleus controls cell activities; atomic nucleus does not have a similar function

13. Atoms Atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons contained in the nucleus of that atom. For example, carbon has an atomic number of 6. All carbon atoms will always have 6 protons in their nucleus. http://www.historyforkids.org/ scienceforkids/chemistry/atom s/pictures/carbon.jpg Usually, numbers of protons and neutrons will equal one another.

14. Atoms Electrons are the smallest particle in the atom and are located in energy levels surrounding an atom’s nucleus. Electrons of one atom interact with electrons from another atom to form compounds. The mass of an electron is so small that it has no effect on the mass of an atom.

15. Atoms “Stable” atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. They are considered “stable” since their positive charges (protons) equal their negative charges (electrons). “Stable” atoms usually do not bond with other atoms.

16. Atoms Mass number, sometimes called atomic mass, is equal to the total mass of an atom (protons plus neutrons) If atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, they are then called isotopes of an element. http://ecosystems.wcp.mu ohio.edu/studentresearch/ climatechange03/snowbal l/web%20page/images/Ca rbon%20Isotope.jpg

17. Isotopes Isotopes are used to determine the ages of fossils, rocks, and minerals. This is possible since isotopes are considered “unstable”. Nuclei that are unstable disintegrate through a process called radioactive decay. During radioactive decay, energy is radiated out of the atom. Some of this energy is responsible for internal processes on Earth. The rates at which atoms decay are measurable and compared to the undated sample being used.

18. Why Atoms Bond Atoms have a tendency to attract to one another so that they will become “stable”. When atoms combine, they either share, gain, or lose electrons. Compounds are created when atoms join in specific proportions. –Ex. A water molecule is a compound made of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. The forces that hold compounds together are called chemical bonds.

19. Chemical Bonds Ionic Bond –Form between positive and negative ions –An ion is an atom that has a charge because it has either gained or lost electrons. –Positive ions have lost electrons. –Negative ions have gained electrons. http://www.vfundude.com/definition-ionic-bond-and-formation-of-sodium-chloride/

20. Chemical Bonds Covalent Bond –Form when atoms share electrons http://www.historyforkids.org/scie nceforkids/chemistry/atoms/pictur es/covalent.gif

21. Chemical Bonds Metallic Bond –Form when electrons are shared by metal ions http://wikipremed.com/image_sci ence_archive_th/020300_th/18585 0_300px- Metallic_bond_Cu.svg_68.jpg

22. Let’s Practice! Find the atomic number, approximate mass number, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons for this atom. http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/at oms/pictures/oxygen.jpg

23. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=htt p://swift.auburn.wednet.edu/arhs/slinks /documents/the_atoms_family_album1. ppt&a=bi&pagenumber=1&w=600

24. Name: Nelda Neutron Description: Neutral Favorite Activity: Hanging out at the Nucleus Arcade In the center of Matterville, there is a place called the Nucleus Arcade, where two members of the Atoms Family like to hang out. Perky Patty Proton, like her sisters, is quite large with a huge smile and eyes that sparkle (+). Patty is always happy and has a very positive personality. Nerdy Nelda Neutron is large like Patty, but she has a boring, flat mouth and eyes with zero expression (o). Her family is very apathetic and neutral about everything. Patty, Nelda, and their sisters spend all their time at the arcade. The Atoms Family Story Name: Patty Proton Description: Positive Favorite Activity: Hanging out at the Nucleus Arcade

25. Name: Elliott Electron Description: Negative Favorite Activity: Racing around the arcade Around the Nucleus Arcade, you will find a series of roadways that are used by another member of the Atoms Family, Enraged Elliott Electron. Elliott races madly around the Arcade on his bright red chrome-plated Harley-Davidson. He rides so fast that no one can be sure where he is at any time. Elliott is much smaller than Patty and Nelda and he is always angry because these bigger relatives will not let him in the Arcade. He has a frown on his face, eyes that are squinted with anger, and a very negative (-) attitude.

26. The morale of Matterville is stable as long as each negative Electron brother is balanced out by one positive Proton sister. The number of residents in Matterville depends on the Proton and Neutron families. Challenge: What would happen to the morale of Matterville if one Elliott Electron was kidnapped?

27. Challenge 2: What would happen to the morale of Matterville if one Elliott Electron moved to Matterville?

28. Atomic number equals the number of ___________ or ______________. Atomic mass equals the number of ___________ + __________________. The Atoms Family - Atomic Math Challenge (page 35) Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass protons electrons protons neutrons

31. Post-Test (page 36) 1.What is an element? 2.What kinds of particles make up atoms? 3.What are isotopes? 4.What are compounds and why do they form? 5.Contrast ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. 6.Compare and contrast solids, liquids, and gases.

32. Homework 1.Complete all vocabulary cards 2.Study for at least 15 minutes