1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1:Section 1:The Federal System Section 2:Section 2:The State Legislative Branch Section 3:Section 3:The State Executive Branch Section 4:Section 4:The State Judicial Branch Visual Summary

3. Chapter Intro 1 State governments mirror the federal government in their organization. State governments, being closer to the citizens, have a great influence on people’s daily lives and activities.

4. Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: The Federal System Under our federal system, power is shared between the national government and the state governments. Our federal system also establishes a special relationship between the national government and those of the individual states.

5. Chapter Intro 2 Section 2: The State Legislative Branch The Constitution gives the legislative branch— Congress—the power to make laws. State governments, which generally mirror the federal government in organization, address problems closer to citizens.

6. Chapter Intro 2 Section 3: The State Executive Branch The Constitution gives the executive branch the power to execute, or implement, the law. Like the president on the national level, governors are the chief executives of the states.

7. Chapter Intro 2 Section 4: The State Judicial Branch The judicial branch is charged with interpreting the law. Different levels of state courts administer justice.

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. Section 1-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea Under our federal system, power is shared between the national government and the state governments.

10. Section 1-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary federal systemfederal system reserved powersreserved powers concurrent powersconcurrent powers grants-in-aid Academic Vocabulary consent expanded

11. A.A B.B Section 1-Polling Question Do you think the federal government should have more power than state governments? A.Yes B.No

12. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism The U.S. Constitution created a federal system of government in which the central government and the state governments share power.

13. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) The Constitution created a federal system that gives the national government certain powers and reserves others for the state. Division of Powers

14. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Constitutional protection of states: –Cannot be divided or merged without consent –Can maintain National Guard –Can make state laws and govern independently Division of Powers

15. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Constitutional limits on states: –Cannot declare war –Cannot enter a treaty on its own with another country Division of Powers

16. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Constitutional limits on states: –Cannot impose taxes on imports from other countries or states –Are obligated to guarantee all Americans equal protection of Division of Powers

17. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Tenth Amendment and states’ reserved powers:reserved powers: – Establish marriage laws –Regulate education –Hold elections Division of Powers

18. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) –Organize police forces –Build roads and bridges –Create local governments Division of Powers

19. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Concurrent powers shared by federal and state governments:Concurrent powers –Impose taxes –Borrow money Supremacy clause grants Congressional laws supreme power over state laws. Division of Powers

20. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) States Rights v. Nationalism –States should limit federal government –“Necessary and proper” clause grants the authority to expand national government Federal/State cooperation: –Roads, education, welfare –Grant-in-aid awardsGrant-in-aid Division of Powers

21. Section 1 Constitutional Basis for Federalism (cont.) Interstate cooperation: –“Full faith and credit” clause –Maintain “republican form of government” –Extradition –Sharing responsibilities Division of Powers

22. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Why do you think the founders established a federal system? A. To establish a stronger national government B. To balance state and national interests C. To replace a system that had become problematic D. All the above

23. Section 1 State Constitutions While differing in details, all state constitutions share many characteristics.

24. Section 1 State Constitutions (cont.) Each state has its own constitution, or plan of government. Similarities to U.S. Constitution: –Separation of powers –Bills of rights –Organization of government branches –Election methods

25. Section 1 State Constitutions (cont.) Establish various local governments: –Counties –Townships –Municipalities –Special districts –Parishes –Boroughs

26. Section 1 State Constitutions (cont.) Regulate government spending and taxing Establish independent state agencies and boards Cannot include provisions that clash with U.S. Constitution

27. A.A B.B Section 1 State governments should set up their own local governments because state officials are more familiar with local conditions and needs than is the federal government. A.Agree B.Disagree

28. Section 1-End

29. Section 2-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution gives the legislative branch—Congress—the power to make laws.

30. Section 2-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary unicameral bicameral census apportion malapportionment Academic Vocabulary revise whereas

31. A.A B.B Section 2-Polling Question Do you think the United States would be better off if states all adopted the same constitution? A.Yes B.No

32. Section 2 How Legislatures Function State legislatures pass the laws that govern the states.

33. Section 2 How Legislatures Function (cont.) Organization: –Different sizes –Bicameral or unicameralBicameralunicameral –Terms of representatives –Residency and age requirements –Job requirements –Legislative leaders

34. Section 2 How Legislatures Function (cont.) Legislative functions: –Sources of bills –Process by which bills become law

35. Section 2 How Legislatures Function (cont.) –Based on national census taken every 10 yearscensus –Districts usually drawn by state legislatures –By 1960s, malapportionment in area- based districts leads to court rulings ordering all districts to be apportioned by populationmalapportionmentapportioned Legislative districts:

36. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The redrawing of legislative districts A.is usually done by state legislatures. B.takes place every ten years. C.can lead to conflicts between political parties. D.all the above

37. Section 2 Problems Facing States Today’s state governments face many difficult challenges.

38. Section 2 Problems Facing States (cont.) Many states face budgetary problems: –Difficulty in raising tax rates –Fewer federal grants –Program and service cuts –Urban dominance of legislatures

39. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Most Americans object to tax increases because they A.need the money to support themselves and their families. B.think the government will spend the money on programs of which they disapprove. C.believe that current rates would be sufficient if the government eliminated waste, mismanagement, and inefficiency. D.dislike paying for services which they may or may not use.

40. Section 2-End

41. Section 3-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The Constitution gives the executive branch the power to execute, or implement, the law.

42. Section 3-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary line-item veto commute parole Academic Vocabulary issue guideline

43. A.A B.B Section 3-Polling Question Executive officers, including governors, should not have the power to pardon convicted criminals. A.Agree B.Disagree

44. Section 3 Powers and Duties of the Governor Governors are the chief executives in all state governments.

45. Section 3 Powers and Duties of the Governor (cont.) The heads of state executive branches are called governors. Requirements for office: –Citizenship –Age –Residency –Experience Powers/Duties of Governor

46. Section 3 Powers and Duties of the Governor (cont.) Terms of office –Typically four years –Can be impeached or removed by a “recall” election Powers/Duties of Governor

47. Section 3 Powers and Duties of the Governor (cont.) Governors’ powers and functions: –Execute state laws –Issue executive orders –Prepare budgets –Suggest new bills –Veto and line-item vetoline-item veto Powers/Duties of Governor

48. Section 3 Powers and Duties of the Governor (cont.) –Issue pardons, commute sentences, grant parolecommute parole –Head National Guard –Act as party leader for the state Powers/Duties of Governor

49. A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 The minimum-age requirement of 30 for many gubernatorial candidates is A.too high. B.too low. C.reasonable. D.outdated.

50. Section 3 Executive Departments Top officials in charge of executive departments assist the governor.

51. Section 3 Executive Departments (cont.) Every state has a number of executive officials who assist the governor: –Secretaries of state manage elections and maintain official records. –Attorneys general represent the state in lawsuits and provide legal advice.

52. Section 3 Executive Departments (cont.) –Treasurers collect taxes and invest state funds. –Auditors review record-keeping of state agencies.

53. Section 3 Executive Departments (cont.) State executive departments, agencies, boards, and commissions: –Departments of agriculture, labor, justice, etc. –Boards of health –Departments of public works and highways –State welfare boards

54. A.A B.B Section 3 Do you agree that secretaries of state should be elected, not appointed? A.Agree B.Disagree

55. Section 3-End

56. Section 4-Main Idea Guide to Reading Big Idea The judicial branch is charged with interpreting the law.

57. Section 4-Key Terms Guide to Reading Content Vocabulary justice of the peacejustice of the peace misdemeanor magistrate courtmagistrate court civil case plaintiff defendant felony Academic Vocabulary portion intermediate confirm

58. A.A B.B Section 4-Polling Question Do you think that judges who are elected by popular vote are more likely to consider the popularity of a decision before rendering an opinion? A.Yes B.No

59. Section 4 The State Court System Most legal matters within a state are handled by the state’s court system.

60. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) Most legal matters are settled in state courts. Three-level organization of courts: –Minor law violations and lawsuits –Serious crimes and large-scale civil cases –Appeals State Judicial System

61. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) First-level courts: –“Justice courts” in rural areas and small towns –Police or magistrate courts in more populated towns and citiesmagistrate courts –Municipal courts in large cities State Judicial System

62. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) “Justice courts”: –Justice of the peaceJustice of the peace –MisdemeanorsMisdemeanors –No juries State Judicial System

63. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) Police or magistrate courts in more populous areas:magistrate courts –Minor cases –Civil cases involving small sumsCivil cases State Judicial System

64. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) Municipal courts are often subdivided by specialty: –Juvenile –Traffic –Small claims (for small-scale civil cases) State Judicial System

65. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) In minor civil cases, plaintiffs and defendants without lawyers speak for themselves before a judge.plaintiffs defendants –Often held before juries –Role of judges in jury trials Second-level courts, or general trial courts, handle felonies and large-scale civil cases:felonies State Judicial System

66. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) General trial courts may be called district, county, common pleas, circuit, or superior courts. –Intermediate appeals courts –Supreme Court Third-level courts: State Judicial System

67. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) Appeals courts: –Review trial-court decisions –No juries –Panel of judges decide cases by majority vote State Judicial System

68. Section 4 The State Court System (cont.) Supreme Court: –Court of last resort –Reviews appellate decisions –Decides cases by majority vote –Interprets state’s constitution and laws –Decisions final, except in cases involving the U.S. Constitution or federal law State Judicial System

69. A.A B.B Section 4 Do you agree that the U.S. Supreme Court should not be allowed to overturn the decisions of state Supreme Courts? A.Agree B.Disagree

70. Section 4 Selection of Judges State judges can be elected, appointed, or chosen in a way that combines both methods.

71. Section 4 Selection of Judges (cont.) States have different methods for selecting judges: –Elected by popular vote –Appointed by state legislature or governor –Combination of appointment and election Election of judges is controversial

72. Section 4 Selection of Judges (cont.) Judicial tenure: –Longer terms of office (6–12 years) –May be removed by impeachment –Can also face review by judicial boards with authority to recommend removal by state supreme courts

73. A.A B.B Section 4 Do you agree that judges who serve longer terms will be more likely to render impartial decisions than judges who serve shorter terms? A.Agree B.Disagree

74. Section 4-End

75. VS 1 The Federal System We live in a federal system in which there are 50 separate state governments and one federal government. The U.S. Constitution gives a broad range of powers to state governments.

76. VS 2 State Constitutions State constitutions are similar in structure to the U.S. Constitution. They include the following: A preamble A bill of rights An outline of the framework of government A listing of state powers and responsibilities A provision for local government The methods of amending the constitution

77. VS 3 State Legislative Branch State legislators are chosen by popular vote. The lawmaking machinery in the state legislatures is similar to that used in the U.S. Congress. All state legislatures, except Nebraska’s, are bicameral.

78. VS 4 State Executive Branch The governor is the chief executive officer in each of the 50 states. Important executive powers of the governor include appointing and removing officials, administering laws, planning and carrying out the budget, and commanding the National Guard.

79. VS 5 State Judicial Branch State courts interpret and apply state and local laws. State judges are selected by the governor, by the legislature, or by the people. Crimes are defined by state statutes, which are laws enacted by state legislatures.

80. VS-End

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83. Figure 3

84. TIME Trans

85. DFS Trans 1

86. DFS Trans 2

87. DFS Trans 3 A president is responsible for governing the entire nation, whereas a governor enforces the laws in a state.

88. DFS Trans 4

89. Vocab1 federal system the sharing of power between the central and state governments

90. Vocab2 reserved powers powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states

91. Vocab3 concurrent powers powers shared by the state and federal governments

92. Vocab4 grants-in-aid money awarded to the states by the federal government

93. Vocab5 consent to express willingness or to agree

94. Vocab6 expanded to increase in size or amount

95. Vocab7 unicameral one-house legislature

96. Vocab8 bicameral a legislature consisting of two parts, or houses

97. Vocab9 census a population count taken by the Census Bureau

98. Vocab10 apportion divide among districts

99. Vocab11 malapportionment inappropriate or unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body

100. Vocab12 revise to correct or improve

101. Vocab13 whereas while on the contrary

102. Vocab14 line-item veto to veto only a specific part of a bill

103. Vocab15 commute to reduce a criminal’s sentence

104. Vocab16 parole to grant a prisoner an early release from prison, with certain restrictions

105. Vocab17 issue a matter of debate or dispute; to distribute or send out

106. Vocab18 guideline an outline or guide for a future course of action

107. Vocab19 justice of the peace the judge of a small, local court

108. Vocab20 misdemeanor a relatively minor offense such as vandalism or stealing inexpensive items

109. Vocab21 magistrate court police courts generally located in larger towns, may handle traffic violations, civil cases involving small amounts of money, etc.

110. Vocab22 civil case when a person or group takes legal action against another person or group.

111. Vocab23 plaintiff a person or party filing a lawsuit

112. Vocab24 defendant an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime

113. Vocab25 felony a serious crime such as murder, rape, kidnapping, or robbery

114. Vocab26 portion a share or part of a whole

115. Vocab27 intermediate being or occurring in the middle or between two points

116. Vocab28 confirm to approve

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