1. MORPHOLOGY The study of Word Structure

2. MORPHOLOGY - Morph = form or shape, ology= study of - Morphology is the study of the basic building blocks of meaning in language, of word formation, or of the structure of words

3. Morphemes The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function The level of language at which sound and meaning combine A. Free morpheme: content & functional morphemeFree morpheme B. Bound morpheme: derivational & inflectionalBound morpheme

4. FREE MORPHEMES: Parts of Speech Content Words Function Words  Nouns  Verbs  Adjectives  Adverbs  Conjunctions  Prepositions  Articles  Pronouns  Interjection  Intensifier

5. Nouns: plural, singular, countable, uncountable Verbs: (attached by the suffixes -ed, -s, -ing, - en): walked, walks, walking, written Adjectives (attached by the suffixes -er, -est or use with ‘more’, ‘most’; occur with verbs like ‘be’, ‘seem’, ‘appear’) taller, tallest, more beautiful, most Adverbs: (attached by the suffix -ly; or use with ‘more’, ‘most’) cleverly, slowly, hard, most beautifully Content Words

6.  Determiners/articles: the, a/an, some, lots of, few  Auxiliary: can, could, shall, should, may, might  Conjunction While, after, although, and, so, but  Interjection Gee, okay, wow. Ouch. oops  Intensifier: very, too  Prepositions: In, with, by, into  Pronouns: I, me, mine, he, she, and so on

7. Exercise: Determine the word class of each of the following words a. betterment b. the c. him d. elegant e. inconvenience f. eloquently g. comply h. inasmuch as i. over a. Noun b. Article c. Pronoun d. Adjective e. Noun f. Adverb g. Verb h. Conjunction i. Preposition

8. a. Those b. Differ c. Whether d. Verify e. nice f. with g. Since h. Never i. Bloody Exercise (2): Determine the word class of each of the following words a. Determiner b. Verb c. Conjunction d. Verb e. Adjective f. Preposition g. Conj./prep/adv h. Adverb i. Adjective

9. Name the part of speech that is in bold and underlined for each sentence. 1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall. 2. What did she ask you to do? 3. I left my shoes under the kitchen table. 4. If we finish our work quickly we can go to the movies. 5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five. Parts of Speech test

10. 6. I want to go to a university in the United States. 7. I'm sure I have met your girlfriend before. 8. Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone. 9. Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered. 10. After lunch let's go out for a coffee. (http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of- speech_quiz.htm)http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of- speech_quiz.htm)

11. Here are the answers 1. adjective (beautiful describes the dress) 2. pronoun (she takes the place of a specific person) 3. preposition (under tells where the shoes are) 4. adverb (quickly describes how the work is done) 5. verb (work is the action she does) 6. noun (university is a place) 7. verb (met is an action done in the past) 8. interjection (well is an exclamation) 9. conjunction (but is a word that joins words together) 10. preposition (after tells when)

12. Word and Morpheme Word: the smallest free form Word: the smallest free form Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit Word  simple and complex Word  simple and complex E.g. hunt and hunter E.g. hunt and hunter Morpheme  free and bound Morpheme  free and bound E.g. hunt and -er E.g. hunt and -er

13. Exercises a. Fly b. Desks c. Untie d. Tree e. Dislike f. Reuse g. Triumphed h. Delight i. Justly  Simple, no bm, fly  Complex, -s, desk  Complex, un-, tie  Simple, no bm, tree  Complex, dis-, like  Complex, re-, use  Complex, -ed, triumph  Simple, no bm, delight  Complex, -ly, just

14. Bound Morpheme I. Definition: must be attached to another morpheme II. Derivational morpheme - may change syntactic class - to form new words - examples: -able, un-, re-, etc. III. Inflectional morpheme - Different forms of the same word - Not change syntactic class - Only 8 kinds in English: -’s, -s (plural nouns), -ing, - ed/-en, -est, -er, -s (S-V agreement)

15. Derivation vs. Inflection (1) It changes the category and/or the type of meaning of the word, so it is said to create a new word. e.g. suffix –ment in government It does not change either the grammatical category or the type of meaning found in the word. e.g. suffix –s in books

16. Derivation vs. Inflection (2) AAAA derivational affix must combine with the base before an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbor (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighborhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbor (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighborshood

17. Derivation vs. Inflection (3) AAAAn inflectional affix in more productive than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.

18. English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –edpast tense –en past participle –ingprogressive Adjectives –er comparative –estsuperlative

19. Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme -ic : Noun  Adj ; alcohol  alcoholic -ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly -ate : Noun  Verb ; vaccin  vaccinate -ity : Adj  Noun ; active  activity -ship : Noun  Noun; friend  friendship re- : Verb  Verb ; cover  recover

20. Morphemes

21. Describe the italic affixes: 1) im possible 2) terroriz ed 3) terror ize 4) desk s 5) dis like 6) human ity 7) fast est 1) Derivational prefix 2) Inflectional prefix 3) Derivational prefix 4) Inflectional prefix 5) Derivational prefix 6) Derivational prefix 7) Inflectional prefix rivationalrefixnflectional suffiDerivationalsuffix Inflectional suffiDerivational prefix 1) Derivational suffix 2) Inflectional suffix

22. Describe the italic affixes: 8) pre mature 9) un tie 10) dark en 11) fall en 12) ox en 13) fast er 14) lectur er 8) Derivational prefix 9) Derivational prefix 10) Derivational suffix 11) Inflectional suffix 12) Inflectional suffix 13) Inflectional suffix 14) Derivational suffix

23. Prefixes Prefixes are word parts that are attached at the beginning of a base or root word. Prefixes have meanings, and they add their meanings to the meaning of the root word. Take, for example, the word prefix itself. It consists of the prefix pre-, meaning “before,” and the root word fix, which means “to attach.” Therefore, a prefix is a word part that is “attached before” (at the beginning) of the root word. There are many prefixes. Some common ones are pre-, un-, non-, and dis-.

24. Suffixes Suffixes are added at the end of a base word. Some suffixes have a specific meaning, as –ful (“full of” whatever the root says, such as joyful) and –or (a person who does what the root says, such as inventor). Other suffixes change a word’s part of speech. For example, by adding a suffix, the verb argue can be made into the noun argument or the adjective argumentative. Some suffixes change a verb’s tense, such as changing the present tense of laugh to the past tense, laughed.

25. Suffixes are not as helpful as prefixes and roots. For one thing, some suffixes have several meanings. Also, some suffixes change the spelling of the root word when they are added to it. For example, the y in happy becomes an “i” when suffixes are added: happiness, happily, happier, and happiest.

26. Prefixes that Mean “Not” Negative prefixes are among the most commonly used prefixes. When they are added to words, they create a word that means the opposite of the base word. For example, adding the prefix un- to the word kind creates the opposite word, unkind. There are four negative prefixes. Of all prefixed words, the prefix un- appears in roughly one-quarter of them! These four prefixes account for an extremely large share of all words that contain a prefix. 1. un- unhappy, unsafe, undo, unwrap, unbutton 2. non- nonstop, nonfiction, nondrinker, nonfat 3. dis- disagreement, dissimilar, dislike, disable, disobey 4. in- incorrect, indirect, inactive, injustice, inhuman also appears as il-, im-, ir-, as in illegal, immortal, impossible, irresponsible

27. 1. Suffixes that indicate nouns These mean state of, condition of, or quality of.... -ance, -ence reliance (rely), dependence (depend) -dom freedom (free) -hood adulthood (adult) -ity, -y maturity (mature), honesty (honest) -ive relative (relate) -ment retirement (retire) -ness kindness (kind) -ship friendship (friend) -tion, -sion, -ion isolation (isolate), suspension (suspend) -tude solitude (solitary) -er, -or reader (read), inventor (invent) -ist soloist (solo)

28. 2. Suffixes that indicate verbs and mean to make (what the base word indicates) Suffix Example -ate automate (automatic) -ify liquefy (liquid) -ize socialize (social) -en cheapen (cheap)

29. 3. Suffixes that indicate adjectives These suffixes mean full of -ful colorful (color) -ous, -ious joyous (joy) -ate fortunate (fortune) -y roomy (room) These suffixes mean relating to or pertaining to.. -al musical (music) -ic comic (comedy) -ish childish (child) -ive corrective (correct) Other adjective suffixes: -able, -ible able to be or do reasonable ; sensible -less without homeless (home)

30. 4. Other helpful suffixes -ly, -ily like, in the manner of friendly (friend), sloppily (sloppy) (creates an adverb) -ology study or science (of whatever the root says) biology, psychology -ism philosophy or belief in (whatever the root says) terrorism, communism

32. Types of Word Formation 1. Compounding 2. Conversion 3. Clipping 4. Blends 5. Backformation 6. Acronyms 7. Onomatopoeia 8. Eponyms

33. 1. Compounding Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word. Examples: Home + work  homework Pick + pocket  pickpocket Fireman Hardware

34. 2. Conversion Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Examples: butter (N)  to butter the bread permit (V)  an entry permit empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin poor (A)  a poor This is a must, belief, believes; use, to use;

35. 3. Clipping Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables Examples: Facsimile  fax Hamburger  burger Gasoline  Gasoline  Advertisement  Advertisement  bike Gym Lab Plane prof prof

36. 4. Blends Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Examples: Examples: Motor + hotel  Motel Motor + hotel  Motel Breakfast + lunch  Brunch Breakfast + lunch  Brunch Wireless + Fidelity  Wi-Fi Wireless + Fidelity  Wi-Fi

37.  broccoli + cauliflower  Broccoflower Broccoflower is an Eating plant of the species Brassica oleracea. The edible portion is the immature flower head of the plant. The word broccoflower is used to describe two different forms with light green heads....  breakfast + lunch  Brunch Brunch or bruncheon is a combination of breakfast and lunch. The term is a portmanteau of breakfast and lunch. Brunch is often served after a morning event or prior to an afternoon one, such as a wedding or sporting event....

38.  camera + recorder  Camcorder A camcorder is a portable consumer electronics device for recording video and Sound recording using a built-in recorder unit. The camcorder contains both a video camera and a video recorder in one unit, hence its compound name....

39.  education + entertainment  Edutainment Edutainment is a form of entertainment designed to Education as well as to amuse. Edutainment typically seeks to instruct or Socialization its audience by embedding lessons in some familiar form of entertainment: television programs, Video game, films, music, websites, multimedia software, etc.... (4

40.  information + commercials  Infomercial Infomercials are long-format television Television advertisement, typically five minutes or longer.. Infomercials are also known as paid programming....  motor + hotel  Motel the word motel, a portmanteau of motor and hotel or motorists' hotel, referred initially to a type of hotel consisting of a single building of connected rooms whose doors faced a parking lot and, in some circumstances, a common area; or a series of small cabins

41. 5. Back-formations Definition: word created by removing a morpheme perceived as an affix from an already existing word Examples: editor  edit Television  televise self-destruction  self-destruct

42. 6. Acronyms Definition: Words derived from the initials of several words Examples: severe acute respiratory syndrome  SARS Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus  SCUBA

43. Other examples of Acronyms: a) Radar b) FYI c) TGIF d) a.k.a e) Html f) www g) SWOT a) Radio detecting and ranging b) For Your Information c) Thanks God It’s Friday d) also known as e) Hypertext mark-up language f) World wide web g) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

44. 7. Onomatopoeia Definition: Words created to sound like the thing that they name. EnglishJapaneseTagalogIndonesian Cock-a-dooKokekokkoKuk-kakaukKukuruyuk MeowNyaNiyawMeong

45. 8. Eponyms Definition: Words derived from proper names or things. Examples: Kodak Sandwich Celcius

46. Complete the process and Identify the type of word formation: 1. Return on Investment  2. information, entertainment  3. modulator, demodulator  4. love, seat  5. International, police  6. A comb  7. Memorandum  8. Capt. Charles Cunningham Boycott  9. Fanatic  ROI  Infotainment  Modem  Loveseat  Interpol  To comb  Memo  Boycott  Fan  acronym blends blends compounding blends conversion clipping eponym clipping