1. Responses to the Crises of the 14 th Century Week 6, Lecture 1

2. Hist. 114B Recap and Review Tomorrow in class Please email me before 10 pm tonight if you have missed any coursepacks. SPECIFY which ones/which days.

3. Responses to the Crises of the 14 th Century Why does the 14 th century mark a downturn in papal authority? How did crises such as famine, the Plague, and the Avignon papacy affect European society? What happened to people’s faith in traditional sources of authority? To what new forms of spiritual authority did people turn?

4. Spanish Reconquista St. James imagined as “the Moor-Killer”

5. HRE and Italy Frederick II, d. 1250 Rudolf of Habsburg (r. 1273-91) –Ruled HRE but NOT Sicily Charles of Anjou (r. 1266-85) –Took over Sicily War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282-1302)

6. Power Papacy

7. Popes Vs. Monarchs Kings: –Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307) –Philip IV the Fair of France (r. 1285-1314) Fighting each other, 1294-1303, off and on Popes: –Celestine V (r. July-Dec. 1294) –Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) Clericis Laicos (1296) Unam Sanctam (1302)

8. Arrest (and Slap) at Anagni, 1303

9. Decline of Papal Monarchy Posthumous trial of Boniface VIII, 1310 Election of Clement V (r. 1305-14) –Burned Unam Sanctam –Moved papacy to Avignon, 1309 Responses: mistrust and separation

10. Coronation of Clement V, 1305 Left side: Philip the Fair; right side: Charles II of Naples (son of Chalres of Anjou) Loss of papal independence

11. Crises: Food Shortages Population growth strains agriculture to the limits “Little Ice Age” c. 1300-1700 “Great Famine” in Northern Europe, 1315- 17

12. Crises: Pandemic 1347: siege of Caffa 1348-49: Plague arrives and spreads through Europe –Death toll: 30-50% 1349-51: Middle Eastern outbreak 1361-62: “Children’s Plague”

14. Plague Victims (Toggenburg Bible, 1411)

16. Flagellant Processions

17. Crises: War Deterioration of centralized authority Hundred Years’ War (England and France, 1337-1453) Political instability in Spain, Holy Roman Empire, and Italy

18. The Avignon Papacy 1309-76: seven popes, all Frenchmen –Perceived influence of French crown John XXII (r. 1316-34) –Improved bureaucracy Spiritual Franciscans –Resistance! –Declared a heresy, 1317

19. Catherine of Siena Italian mystic, 1347-80. “Mystical marriage” to Jesus 1376: Influenced Pope Gregory XI (r. 1370-78) to move back to Rome

20. Catherine of Siena Image: 15 th century miniature of Catherine

21. Western Schism, 1378-1419 Rome: Urban VI (r. 1378-89) Avignon: Clement VII (r. 1378-94) Council of Pisa, 1409  THREE popes Council of Constance, 1414-18 –Pope Martin V (r. 1418-31) –Conciliarism

22. Changes Pessimistic mood Reformers and mystics: ex. John Wycliffe (c. 1320-84) Devotion to the saints unchanged

24. Questioning Reason Critiques of Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae –A little less logic, please? –Who are we to know the mind of God? William of Ockham (Occam), c. 1285-c. 1349 –Oxford, Franciscan –Separation of faith and reason –“Occam’s Razor”

25. William of Ockham Doodle portrait labeled “This is Brother Occam,” 1341