1. Immigration & Urbanization Lecture #8 Ms. Seetin

2. Do-Now What would it be like to adjust to a school in a foreign country ? (maybe you have been through this) What would be the hardest parts? Suggest ways that you might help a foreign student adjust to school in the United States.

3. Key Words Immigration Emigration Ellis Island Angel Island Nativism Chinese Exclusion Act Gentlemen’s Agreement

4. Emigrant vs Immigrant When a person emigrates, she leaves one country or region to live in another, either temporarily or permanently. When she immigrates she arrives in that other country. In other words, she emigrates from one country to immigrate to another country.

5. Shifts in Immigration First Wave- Prior to 1871, most immigrants to America came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden). Second Wave- From 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, present- day Hungary, and former Yugoslavia), as well as Asia (China and Japan).

6. “First Wave” Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from the British isles and western Europe, chiefly Germany and Scandinavia. They were typically fair-skinned, Anglo-Saxon and usually protestant. except for Catholic Irish and many Catholic Germans. Their “Old Country” ways of life were such that they fit relatively easy into American society.

7. “Second Wave” or “New Immigrants” In the 1880s, the character of the immigrant stream changed drastically. These “New Immigrants” came from southern and eastern Europe. Among them were Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and poles, many of them were Orthodox (Christian) or Jewish. They were from countries in which the governments were not democratic and they were used to despotism.

8. Why did they leave? Many of the new immigrants left to escape religious persecution. Whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia by pogroms (organized attacks often encouraged by local authorities). Other Europeans left because of a rapidly rising population.

9. After a pogrom in 1903 (Kishinev)

10. Chinese and Japanese Chinese ▫Chinese immigrants came to the West Coast in smaller numbers. Many came to seek their fortunes after the discovery of gold in 1848 (CA Gold Rush). ▫Chinese immigrants helped build the nation’s railroads. When the railroads were completed many turned to farming or started businesses, however, Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a congressional act in 1882- The Chinese Exclusion Act.

11. Political cartoon from 1882

12. Japanese In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers and a Japanese emigration boom began. The US annexation of Hawaii in 1898 resulted in increased Japanese immigration to the West Coast. This wave continued due to comparatively high wages.

13. A Difficult Journey The trip across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe took about one week, while the Pacific crossing from Asia took nearly three weeks. Most immigrants traveled in steerage, the cheapest accommodations in a ship’s cargo.

14. A Difficult Journey (Continued) Rarely allowed on deck, immigrants were crowded together in the gloom, unable to exercise or catch a breath of fresh air, they often had to sleep in louse infested bunks and share toilets with many other passengers. For those who survived, the first glimpse of America could be breathtaking

16. Landing at Ellis Island

17. Arrival at Ellis Island http://www.history.com/topics/ellis- island/videos/arrival-at-ellis- island?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr ee=falsehttp://www.history.com/topics/ellis- island/videos/arrival-at-ellis- island?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr ee=false

18. Ellis Island

20. From 1892 to 1924, Ellis Island was the chief immigration station in the United States. An estimated 17 million immigrants passed through. Once immigrants arrived in the US they faced the uncertainty of knowing whether they would be admitted to the united States.

21. Ellis Island Processing The processing of immigrants started with medical testing- First, they had to pass a physical examination by a doctor. Then a government inspector would question them about their legal record. The United States immigration laws stated that people with criminal backgrounds or people who might become a public charge could not enter the country.

22. Detained at Ellis Island http://www.history.com/topics/ellis- island/videos/detained-at-ellis-island

23. Angel Island Opened in 1910 While European immigrants arriving on the East Coast passed through Ellis Island, Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay.

24. Angel Island (continued) Processing at Angel Island stood in contrast to the procedure at Ellis Island. Immigrants endured harsh questioning and a long detention in filthy conditions while they waited to find out whether they had been admitted or rejected.

26. Melting Pot…or Not? Many native-born Americans thought of the US as a melting pot, a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs. Many new immigrants (new wave), however, were more culturally different than the previous immigration wave and did not wish to give up their cultural identities. As immigration increased, strong anti- immigrant feelings emerged.

27. This Harper’s illustra tion responded to a bill in the New York legislature that proposed to fine and imprison anyone who hired Chinese contract workers. It accompanied a column dismissing the alleged threat of a “Chinese invasion.”

28. The Rise of Nativism One response to the growth in immigration was nativism, or overt favoritism toward native- born Americans. Nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions. Many nativists believed that the Anglo-Saxons were superior to other groups. Some nativists objected more to immigrants’ religious beliefs.

30. Anti-Asian Sentiment Nativism also took a foothold in the West, where native-born workers feared that jobs would go to Chinese immigrants who would accept lower wages. The depression of 1873 intensified anti-Chinese sentiment in California. In 1882, Congress slammed the door on Chinese immigration by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act.

32. The Gentlemen’s Agreement San Francisco segregated Japanese children putting them in separate schools, when Japan raised an angry protest at this treatment of its emigrants, the president proposed a deal. The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US in exchange for the repeal of the san Francisco school segregation. Summary- reduce tensions by greatly reducing immigration.

33. Crash Course History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRhjqqe75 0Ahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRhjqqe75 0A

34. Compare & Contrast Draw a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the feelings/fears/ challenges of immigrants at the turn-of-the-century and those today.