1. Diabetic Profile Measurement of Blood Glucose T.A. Bahiya Osrah

2. Diabetes mellitus A group of metabolic disorders that requires continuing medical care and patient-self management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long term complications. It is characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormal protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism due to defects in insulin secretion, i.e., inadequate and deficient insulin action on target tissues.

3. It is classified into 4 clinical classes: Type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) Type 2 diabetes mellitus (TIIDM) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Other specific types due to other causes e.g. Drugs or chemical induced.

4. Diabetic Profile Tests: Group of tests that are used to diagnose diabetes and to measure the treatment. response These Tests include:  C-peptide, Differentiates between type I and type II.  Blood Glucose Fasting blood glucose (FBG) It also called Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) = PG=FPG) Post prandial glucose (PP) GGT= Glucose tolerance test, OGGT= Oral glucose tolerance test  HbA1c = Glycosylated hemoglobin.  Ketones.  Microalbuminurea.  Insulin.  ICA = islet cell antibodies.

5. C-peptide It is used to monitor beta cells activity and capability over time but it is not used to diagnose diabetes.. C-peptide in Type 1 diabetes: Definition: autoimmune disorder involves a complete destruction of beta cells with disabilities to produce insulin. This test is ordered for a patient who newly diagnosed with diabetes type-1 to evaluate the residual beta cell function. The expected result: Low level of insulin and C-peptide will be detected. C-peptide in type 2 diabetes: Definition: insulin resistance This test is ordered for a patient who newly diagnosed with diabetes type-2 to monitor the status of beta cell production of insulin and while the insulin injection is required for the patient. The expected value: Normal or high level of C-peptide will be detected. Normal value: Fasting Blood Sugar: <100mg/dl Proinsulin C-peptide is metabolically inactive polypeptide chain that is a by-product of normal insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas. It serves as an important linker between the A- and the B- chains of insulin

6. Blood glucose: It is a vital component of diabetes management. Types of blood glucose tests Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Definition: it measures blood glucose after fasting for at least 8 hours Sample preparation: fasting at least for 8 hours before the blood sample is taken. Uses: to diagnose diabetes mellitus when Fasting blood glucose levels significantly elevated (>140mg/dl or > 7.77 mmol/l) Conformation Tests: Glucose Tolerance Test Comprehensive history, physical examination and other tests Should be done in other diseases that usually diagnosed with elevated plasma glucose levels, such as overactive thyroid gland and pancreatitis.

7. 2-hour postprandial blood sugar (2-hour PP) Definition: it measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal. Sample Preparation: For a 2-hour postprandial test, the patient should eat a meal exactly 2 hours before the blood sample is taken. A home blood sugar test is the most common way to check 2-hour postprandial blood sugar levels. Random blood sugar (RBS) Definition: it measures blood glucose regardless of fasting. Several random measurements may be taken throughout the day because glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the day. Blood glucose levels that vary widely may indicate a problem. Sample preparation: No special preparation is required before having a random blood sugar test. Blood glucose:

8. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) Definition: Oral glucose tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements that is used to measure the body’s ability to uptake glucose. This test is commonly used to diagnose diabetes that occurs during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). This test is not commonly used to diagnose diabetes Sample preparation: The patient on the test day will be asked to drink a glucose syrup which contained a measured concentration of glucose ( 75g to 100g ) while the pregnant women will take 100g of glucose. Further, the Blood samples will be collected at timed intervals of 1, 1.5 2, 2.5 and 3 hours after drinking the glucose. This test is recommended when fasting blood glucose test is between 100 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) and 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Blood glucose:

9. Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c Definition: Hemoglobin joins up with glucose to form the chemical called Glycosylated hemoglobin or HbA1c. Hemoglobin A stands for Adult type while 8% of this type composed of minor components; A1c, A1b, A1a1, and A1a2. A1c is the one that bind to glucose. Glycosylated hemoglobin is an indicator of how well the blood glucose level has been controlled over a longer period of time, every 2-3 months. Normal Values: Glycohemoglobin A1c: 4.5%-5.7% of total hemoglobin Total glycohemoglobin: 5.3%-7.5% Sample preparation: -EDTA tube (whole blood) is used. -Sample is collected in collecting blood tube which has sodium fluoride tube to prevent Glycolysis. - In separated non-hemolyzd serum, the glucose conc. is generally stable for 8 hours at 25C (or up to 72 hours at 4C).

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