1. WORD STRESS & SENTENCE STRESS

2. REVIEW OF VOWELS Three factors for the description of English vowels I. The height of the body of the tongue – highest point of tongue (vertical axis); II. The front-back position of the tongue – highest point of tongue (horizontal axis); III. The degree of lip rounding - lip posture

3. The height of the body of the tongue

4. THE FRONT-BACK POSITION OF THE TONGUE

5. DESCRIPTION OF THE VOWELS Front & Central Vowels /  :/high, front, unrounded vowel /  /lower high, front, unrounded vowel /e/mid, front, unrounded vowel /æ/ low, front, unrounded vowel /  :/ mid, central, unrounded vowel /ə/ mid, central, unrounded vowel

6. Back Vowels /  :/low, back, unrounded vowel /  /low, back, rounded vowel /  :/mid-low, back, rounded vowel /u/ lower high, back, rounded vowel /u:/ high, back, rounded vowel /  / lower mid, back, unrounded vowel

7. UNIT 8: WORD STRESS English is a stress timed language The English language is often referred to as stress- timed. Stress in a spoken sentence occurs at regular intervals and the time to say something depends on the number of stressed syllables rather than the number of syllables itself. 1 2 3 4 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4

8. WORD STRESS A word stress means a prominent syllable wordpattern tea.cher. beau.ti.ful.. un.der.stand.. con.ti.nue.

9. HOW TO PRONOUNCE WORD STRESS? When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced longer in duration higher in pitch louder in volume

10. HOW DO YOU SAY TEACHER ? Longerteeeeeeeeeeee cher Higher tea cher Louder TEA cher All three combined TEEEEEEEEEEE cher

11. WORD STRESS RULE Word type Where is the stress? Examples Two syllables Nouns on the first syllable center object flower Verbs on the last syllable release admit arrange Compound Nouns (N + N) (Adj. + N) on the first part desktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouse Adjectives (Adj. + P.P.) on the last part (the verb part) well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned Verbs (prep. + verb) understand overlook outperform

12. Word typeWhere is the stress?Examples Phrasal Verbson the particle turn off buckle up hand out Word with added ending -ic the syllable before the ending economic Geometric electrical -tion, -cian, -sion Technician graduation cohesion -phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, -al the third from the last syllable Photography biology geometry -meter Parameter Thermometer barometer

13. SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast. Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

14. Most sentences have two types of word: content words structure words Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense. Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically. If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence.

15. SELLCARGONEFRANCE Imagine that you receive this telegram message: WillyouSELLmyCARbecauseI ’ veGONEtoFRANCE SELLmyCARI ’ veGONEtoFRANCE

16. 2131 WillyouSELLmyCARbecauseI ’ veGONEtoFRANCE

17. RULES FOR SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH The basic rules of sentence stress are: 1.content words are stressed 2.structure words are unstressed 3.the time between stressed words is always the same

18. Content words - stressed Words carrying the meaningExample main verbsSELL, GIVE, EMPLOY nounsCAR, MUSIC, MARY adjectivesRED, BIG, INTERESTING adverbsQUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER negative auxiliariesDON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T Structure words - unstressed Words for correct grammarExample pronounshe, we, they prepositionson, at, into articlesa, an, the conjunctionsand, but, because auxiliary verbsdo, be, have, can, must