1. English Pronunciation Clinic Week 3: Reductions Multimedia Study Guide Produced by: Charles Copeland A00518354 For EDUC-8347: Designing Instruction for eLearning Dr. Darci Harland Video 1: Content vs. Function Words

2. Content Words Carry Meaning Always have some stress A little longer A little louder List of Content Words Nouns / Verbs / Adverbs / Adjectives Possessive Pronouns / Demonstratives Not / Negative contractions

3. Function Words Grammar glue Important in writing Not as important when speaking Less (no) stress Function words Articles / Prepositions / Possessive Adjectives / Personal Pronouns / Conjunctions / Aux. Verbs

4. Multiple Functions Words If there are multiple function words Run together (reduce) Especially in certain cases Contractions are similar (used in speaking NOT writing) I am  contracts to I’m in speech Reductions are similar, except no standard spelling Spaces between words disappear

5. Example What did he eat for lunch? Function Words WHAT DID HE ____ FOR ___? Spaces between words disappear Three function words together (in IPA) /wadIdi:/

6. Another Example What do you … /wad@j@/ or /wadj@/ Hard to say Easier  /wadZ@/ or /watS@/ (next video has more) It’s all about what is easier.

7. Common Reductions Ought to -- /Od@/ Have to -- /h{ft@/ Has to -- /h{st@/ Would have -- / wUd@/ Could have-- /kUd@/ May have-- /mej@/ Might have-- /maIt@/

8. Go to the next Study Guide Week 3: Reductions All images in the power point were found using the insert online pictures function with the creative commons image search option which is a feature of Microsoft PowerPoint 2013. Phoneme information from Celce-Murcia et al. (1996) Video 2: Making it Easy