1. ® Sponsored by Point Cloud DWG 98th OGC Technical Committee Washington, DC USA Stan Tillman, Intergraph 08 March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

2. OGC ® Agenda Update on the Point Cloud Survey –Stan Tillman, Intergraph Improving Access to Point Cloud Data –Keith Ryden, Esri Visibility analysis with the 3D skeleton of a point cloud –Jantien Stoter, TUDelft Precise spatial and radiometric processing of the Level 0 point cloud –Chuck Heazel, WiSC Enterprises Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

3. OGC ® Agenda Advanced Format Standards for Point Cloud Data –Michael Ingram, Harris Serving LiDAR Through Existing OGC Standards. –Scott Pakula, Pixia Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

4. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results As of Friday (04 March 2016), we had received 170 responses to the survey Of the 170 responses, I found: –3 times the same person filled out the survey twice –Different people from the same organization filled out the survey 2 from one org 3 from one org 2 from one org So basically, that gives us 163 individual responses Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium

5. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 1.What are your major sources for surface scan point clouds? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of responses Airborne LiDAR138 Terrestrial Lidar (including Mobile Mapping)102 Indoor Laser Scanning35 SONAR (single and multi-beam echo’s)22 Photogrammetry79 Subsurface Point Cloud from Seismic3 subsea lidar1 RADAR (PS-InSAR)11 UAV based Photogrammetry1 R&D sensors1 Atmospheric Lidar (pointing up!)1 Don't use. Just interested.1

6. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 2.What formats do you use to store point clouds? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of responses LAS (ASPRS)136 LAZ112 ASCII64 Oracle SDO_PC3 PostgreSQL-PostGIS PCPATCH21 PDAL-generated blocks14 Flat table9 E5717 PLY22 bpf5 PCD6 x3d1 PTX3 CSAR2 ZLAS6 MATLAB.mat1 FLS3 POD11 PCG2 SQLite1 RCS2 SPD4 OPC : Orbit Point Cloud1 Pts3

7. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 2.What formats do you use to store point clouds? (cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of responses RXP1 GMP1 fws1 WMO GRIB & BUFR1 rcp1 RDB1 3D shapefile1 IMP1 SAGA.spc1 Terrasolid Fast Binary1 GSF1 H51 netCDF2 ESRI LASD1 Kongsberg ALL1 zfs1 BAG Bathymetric Attributed Grid1 La20 (Trimble format)1 PulseWaves1 MB-System supported sonar formats1 database1 vendor specific formats2 Own format2 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

8. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 3.What formats do you use to transfer point clouds (both internally and to external entities)? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Resonses LAS (ASPRS)122 LAZ107 ASCII57 Oracle SDO_PC1 PostgreSQL-PostGIS PCPATCH9 PDAL-generated blocks5 Flat table5 E5719 PLY9 bpf4 PCD3 x3d1 PTX2 CSAR1 ZLAS7 FLS2 POD6 PCG1 SQLite1 RCS3

9. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 3.What formats do you use to transfer point clouds (both internally and to external entities)? (cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses SPD3 Pts1 GMP1 WMO GRIB & BUFR1 SAGA.spc1 GSF1 H51 MB-System2 netCDF1 zfs1 PulseWaves1 BAG Bathymetric Attributed Grid1 LODTree1 MB-System supported sonar formats1 Own format2 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

10. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 4.What are your most common use cases for point clouds? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Visualization111 GIS87 Digital Terrain Modelling132 Feature Extraction104 3D BUILDING MODELS2 Intermediate product for 3D textured mesh reconstruction 1 Fully 3D object modeling3 Coordination1 Construction Quality Control1 BIM1 Profiling1 Clash detection1 Volumetric Analysis4 geological/sedimentary description/quantification3 calculation of descriptive statistics of return heights for modeling vegetation characteristics 3

11. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 4.What are your most common use cases for point clouds? (Cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Forest assessments4 Measurement3 Fabrication measurements1 Remote sensing research1 Slope analysis1 watershed1 Feature Detection1 Software Development1 Numerical Weather Prediction1 Viewshed1 land forming possibilities1 tree extraction1 City Modelling Surface Construction1 As a start point for estimating characteristics of sea ice 1 Distribution to users1 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

12. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 5.What are your main application areas for point clouds? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Water Management30 Smart City35 Civil Engineering69 Asset Management50 Archeology5 DAYLIGHT PLANNING1 research1 Hydrology61 Oceanography2 Forestry65 VFX1 Seafloor Mapping2 Terrain analysis4 Geology4 Geophysics2 Geodesy1

13. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 5.What are your main application areas for point clouds? (Cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses natural hazards1 cryosphere and climate change2 education/teaching2 Defense and Intelligence3 Construction2 BIM1 Oil and Gas1 Transportation1 Utilities2 Industrial1 sedimentology1 geomorphology2 Mining2 Environment5

14. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 5.What are your main application areas for point clouds? (Cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Agribusiness2 Bathymetry1 Meteorology1 surveying and mapping3 Heritage Documentation2 as-built documentation1 R&D1 Profiling1 Object detection and recognition1 NMA1 View analysis1 Public Safety1 Orienteering mapping1 Coastal zone management1 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

15. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 6.How do you store point clouds? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses In a file on a network drive119 In a database47 In the cloud40 In a file on a computer111 REMOVABLE DRIVE3 as files on high performance computers (HPC)1 servers3 LIDARServer (www.lidarserver.com)1 tape2 Projectwise1 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

16. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 7.What attributes do your point clouds contain besides XYZ coordinates? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Timestamp114 Intensity145 Classification124 Colour107 Accuracy (stddev)1 Pulse Form37 Pulse Count59 Direction and Length of Scanline51 sonar attributes2 estimated surface normals2 Measurement angle1 vehicle location/attitude1

17. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 7.What attributes do your point clouds contain besides XYZ coordinates? (Cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses scan position2 Scanner #1 acoustic backscatter1 acoustic variables1 profiling1 Normals5 X-Sections1 Volume Calculations1 Time Change1 pulse source ID (flightline ID)4 scan angle1 withheld flag1 overlap flag1 number of returns3 return count2 user data2 full-waveform analysis3

18. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 7.What attributes do your point clouds contain besides XYZ coordinates? (Cont.) Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Range1 Theta1 Phi1 Direction1 Mirror facet1 Amplitude1 Reflectance2 Pulse shape deviation1 Background radiation1 Temperature1 Sensor location2 Visible1

19. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 8.What conversion do you apply to the point clouds in order to use them? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses None, direct use of point clouds80 To features (vector object rafter detection/recognition) 80 To regular grid (raster)110 Level of Detail (LoD) representation31 To TIN72 Simplification1 3d delaunay triangulation1 SRC/gltf1 Fully 3D mesh1 Extract vectors1 Textured Meshes2 Orthophoto1 octree2 coordinate systems transformations1 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

20. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 9.Which temporal aspect of point clouds are relevant for you? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Temporal granularity at data set (a ‘point cloud’) level 66 Temporal resolution / update frequency years65 Temporal resolution / update frequency months36 Temporal resolution / update frequency days26 Monitoring applications99 change detection99 Temporal granularity at point level58 Temporal resolution / update frequency seconds 9 Granulatiry at the block and polygon level1 Granularity at Data subset (tile) level1 question is not clear1 N/A or None3 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

21. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 10.During what phase do you encounter interoperability challenges? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Storage / Management76 Dissemination48 Visualization / Interaction67 Change Reference System39 Analysis / Simluation54 Combining Data from multiple source99 Data Acquisition49 LAS solves everything4 None6 Don't use. Just interested in what others do.1

22. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 11.What do you consider the most important area of point cloud standardization? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Responses Data Model81 File Format / Encoding133 DBMS / SQL23 Web Service (WxxS) protocol45 NO OPINION1 Indexing1 Auxillary data1 Classification1 widely existing support in all major software packages 1 industry needs to move towards Full-Waveform rather than just point cloud 1 ideally open format and widely used (las/laz)1 straight forward lat, long and northing easting types 1

23. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 12.What volume of point clouds have you managed/processed/stored/etc. in the last 12 month? Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium Answers# of Reponses More than 1 billion (109) points69 More than 1 trillion (10^12) points34 More than 100 million (10^6) points40 Less than 100 million (10^6) points27

24. OGC ® Point Cloud Survey Results 13.What tools do you use? NOT YET TABULATED Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium