1. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo, MBA, MEd, MAOP PSY – 101 – SUMMER SESSION 2016 Introductory Psychology Concepts Negative Reinforcement

2. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-2 Negative Reinforcement: Taking away something you do not like Negative Reinforcement in Everyday Life SituationBehavior Muscles ache Sunlight is uncomfortably bright You feel hungry, thirsty Neighbor’s music is too loud It starts to pour Alarm clock rings Parent nags child to clean room Take hot bath Put on sunglasses Eat, drink something Ask neighbor to lower music Open an umbrella Hit the off button Child cleans room Consequence Muscle ache decreases Discomfort is reduced Hunger, thirst decrease Music is less disruptive You stay dry Annoying ringing stops Nagging stops

3. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-3 Reinforcement and Punishment: Positive and Negative Types Intended Results Increase in behavior (reinforcement) When stimulus is added, the result is... Positive Reinforcement Example: Giving a raise for good performance. Results: INCREASE in response of good performance.

4. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-4 Reinforcement and Punishment: Positive and Negative Types Decrease in behavior (punishment) When stimulus is added, the result is... Positive Punishment Example: Yelling at a teenager for stealing a bracelet. Results: DECREASE in frequency of response of stealing. Intended Results

5. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-5 Reinforcement and Punishment: Positive and Negative Types Increase in behavior (reinforcement) When stimulus is removed, the result is... Negative Reinforcement Example: Applying ointment to relieve itchy rash leads to higher future likelihood of applying ointment. Results: INCREASE in response of using ointment Intended Results

6. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-6 Decrease in behavior (punishment) When stimulus is removed, the result is... Negative Punishment Example: Teenager’s access to car restricted by parents due to teenager’s breaking curfew. Results: DECREASE in response of breaking curfew. Intended Results Reinforcement and Punishment: Positive and Negative Types

7. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-7 Schedules of Reinforcement: Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule: Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs. Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule: Reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time.

8. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-8 Partial Reinforcement Schedules: Cumulative frequency of responses Time Fixed-Ratio Schedule: A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. Typical Outcome: Short pauses occur after each response. Because the more responses, the more reinforcement, fixed-ratio schedules produce a high rate of responding. There are short pauses after each response.

9. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-9 Partial Reinforcement Schedules: Cumulative frequency of responses Time Variable-Ratio Schedule: A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. Typical Outcome: Responding occurs at a high rate. Responding occurs at a high, steady rate.

10. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-10 Partial Reinforcement Schedules: Cumulative frequency of responses Time Fixed-Interval Schedule: A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. Typical Outcome: Produces lower rates of responding, especially just after reinforcement has been presented. (The organism learns that a specified time period must elapse between reinforcements.) There are typically long pauses after each response.

11. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-11 Partial Reinforcement Schedules: Variable-Interval Schedule: A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed. Typical Outcome: Produces a fairly steady stream of responses. Cumulative frequency of responses Time Responding occurs at a steady rate.

12. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Negative Reinforcement 5-12 Negative Reinforcement: Termination of a stimulus which increases the probability of a response. Negative Reinforcement Response Occurs An aversive stimulus is removed Response increases Process BehaviorConsequenceResult (Person takes aspirin) (Headache pain goes away) (Increased tendency to take aspirin for headache relief)