1. Nectar/Pollen collection Nectar/pollen collecting bee w/ blue pollen L. Connor Photo R. Williamson Photo pollen Nectar sucked into honey stomach

2. Propolis/ Water collection S. Repasky Photo L. Connor Photo propolis

3. Bee Brood  3 developmental stages – spent entirely within hexagonal waxen cells built as parallel comb egg L. Connor photo

4. Bee Brood – egg/larva stage  3 BROOD [= developmental] stages – spent entirely within hexagonal beeswax cells (parallel comb) egg larva (note size) NOTE SPELLING 1 =larva, 2 += larvae R Williamson photo Growth stage termed instar, each day larvae molt to larger size Egg/pupa stages don’t grow/eat

5. Bee Brood - Pupa stage L. Connor Photo Egg Larva Pupa Capped brood (=pupae) L. Connor Photo

6. Bee Brood  3 developmental stages  spent within hexagonal waxen cells - parallel combs  egg  larva  pupa Transition from larva to adult form within capped cell worker ----------- Queen (hang vertical)

7. Brood Development Summary Differentiation of queen and worker castes occurs during larval growth Brood stage Queen QueenWorkerDrone egg egg 3 3 3 larval larval 5.5 5.5 6 6.5 6.5 pupal pupal 7.5 7.5 12 12 14 14 Queen develops vertically, worker/drone horizontally Drone egg unfertilized Queen larva receives only royal jelly in excess Queens develop 16 days, workers 21, drones 24 J. Zwalisak Drawing Wk DR QN

8. Sex/Caste Differentiation Fertilized eggUnfertilized eggFertilized egg Heavy feedingHeavy feeding of Light feeding of of royal jellybrood food, then brood food, thenhoney, and pollen Cornell collection Queen ovaries Worker ovaries

9.  Ripening honey top  Brood (egg stage) below Beeswax Comb L. Connor Photo 2 cells pollen

10. Typical annual cycle Seasonal cycle driven by flowering plants Beekeeper Management keys adult/brood population adult/brood population