1. Comprehensible Input Hypothesis — A classic theory in SLA Speaker: Wang Na Major: Applied Linguistics Date: June, 10 2009

2. Major points Background introduction The hypothesis proper Some related theories Application of this hypothesis Questions and answers

3. Background Other SLA theoriesComprehensible Input Hypothesis SLA studiesOther research fields Applied linguistics

4. Background Applied linguistics  A Narrow Definition: the “practical application of theory” or “the practical application of specifically linguistic theory”. (Johnson & Johnson, 2001: 9)  A Broad Definition: the branch of linguistics concerned with using linguistic theory to address real-world problems. It tries to offer solutions to “real-world problems in which language is a central concern”. (Brumfit, 1991; qtd from McCarthy, 2006: 1)

5. Background Research topics of applied linguistics  Adult language learning  Child language  Communication in the professions  Contrastive linguistics and error analysis  Discourse analysis  Educational technology and language learning  Evaluation, assessment, and testing  Foreign language teaching methodology and teacher education  Forensic linguistics  Immersion education  Interpreting and translating  Language and business  Language and ecology  Language and education in multilingual settings

6. Background Research topics of applied linguistics  Language and gender  Language and the media  Language contact and language change  Language for special purposes  Language planning  Learner autonomy in language learning  Lexicography and lexicology  Literacy  Mother tongue education  Psycholinguistics  Rhetoric and stylistics  SLA  Sign language

7. Input Definition of input  Learners' most direct source of information about the target language is the target language itself. When they come into direct contact with the target language, this is referred to as "input." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki  In second language acquisition (SLA) studies, input occupies a unique as well as important position and has long been the focus of research.

8. Input Hypothesis Krashen’s “i+1” Input Hypothesis  Classic SLA Theory  Both influential and controversial

9. Input Hypothesis According to Krashen, we acquire language only when we receive comprehensible input (CI). This hypothesis claims that we move from i to i+1 by understanding input that contains i+1. In this equation, i represents previously acquired linguistic competence and extra-linguistic knowledge. Extra-linguistic knowledge includes our knowledge of the world and of the situation- that is, the context. The +1 represents new knowledge or language structures that we should be ready to acquire.

10. Input Hypothesis Influential  Krashen’s Input Hypothesis (i+1 Hypothesis) “forms part of … a theory of second-language acquisition, and … is the most important part of the theory” (Krashen, 1985, p. vii).  He further points out in his book that “people acquire second languages only if they obtain comprehensible input and if their affective filters are low enough to allow the input ‘in’” (Krashen, 1985, p. 4).  Wide application of this hypothesis in language skills training.

11. Input Hypothesis Controversial  Although the Input Hypothesis serves for one of the important theories in SLA studies, there is one problem around this theory that is unsolved since its birth, that is how to quantify and qualify the “i” in “i+1”.

12. Input Relevant theories  Merrill Swain’s output hypothesis In the 1980s, Canadian SLA researcher Merrill Swain advanced the output hypothesis, that meaningful output is as necessary to language learning as meaningful input.  Long’s interaction hypothesis Long's interaction hypothesis proposes that language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction.

13. Input OUTPUT INPUT  INTAKE  A computational model of SLA When learners process that language in a way that can contribute to learning, this is referred to as "intake."

14. Input Hypothesis Application of Input Hypothesis  Wide  Example: Application & new interpretation in English writing instruction

15. Input Hypothesis Example: Application & new interpretation in English writing instruction Mode of writing Types of input Ways of input Variety of input Sufficiency of input Efficiency of input Examples of input in English writing learning

16. Input Hypothesis Examples of input in English writing learning  Grammar input  Stylistic input  Writing technique input  …

17. Journals dedicated to SLA  Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics  Applied Psycholinguistics Applied Psycholinguistics  Asian EFL Journal (open access) Asian EFL Journal  Asian ESP Journal (open access) Asian ESP Journal  Canadian Modern Language Review Canadian Modern Language Review  Chinese EFL Journal (open access) Chinese EFL Journal  English International Language Journal (open access) English International Language Journal  Foreign Language Annals Foreign Language Annals  German as a foreign language (open access) German as a foreign language  Heritage Language Journal (open access) Heritage Language Journal  Internet TESL Journal (open access) Internet TESL Journal

18. Journals dedicated to SLA  Journal of Second Language Writing Journal of Second Language Writing  Language Learning Language Learning  Language Learning and Technology (open access) Language Learning and Technology  Language Teaching Research Language Teaching Research  Linguistics Journal (open access) Linguistics Journal  Modern Language Journal Modern Language Journal  Reading in a Foreign Language (open access) Reading in a Foreign Language  Second Language Research Second Language Research  Studies in Second Language Acquisition Studies in Second Language Acquisition  TESOL Quarterly TESOL Quarterly  Asian EFL Journal (open access) Asian EFL Journal

19. Thank you!