1. Zettl: Video Basics 5

2. Chapter 1 Phases of production –Preproduction Plan, research, pre-interview, script, gather archival material, scout locations, develop a timeline, create a budget, beg for money, etc. –Production Light, shoot, pan & scan photos, compose music –Postproduction Edit, sweeten, market, distribute

3. Chapter 1: Preproduction Program Objective –What is the video about? Angle –What approach will you take? Evaluation –How realistic is your plan? Script

4. Chapter 2 Production Production team –Producer, director, “talent,” narrator, writer, videographer, music composer, audio designer, lighting specialist Postproduction team – Producer/director, editor

5. Chapter 3: Image Formation NTSC: 30 frames per second –2 scanning fields: Interlaced scanning scans every other line, then goes back and scans the lines that were skipped Progressive scanning scans every line

6. Chapter 3 Analog = electrical copy Digital = discontinuous signal that samples a number of successive points (binary digits or bits are 0 or 1). Digital Scanning –480p, 720p, 1080i –High resolution –Better color –More subtle shading

7. Chapter 3 Why digital? –Dub without loss of quality –Compress When converting analog to digital use a high sampling rate Zettl uses a stairway as a metaphor to explain sampling

8. Chapter 4: The Video Camera Camera Elements –Lens –CCD (“charge- coupled device”) for imaging Little chip that has vertical and horizontal rows of millions of light-sensing pixels –Viewfinder

9. Chapter 4 … Lens –Focal length (long and short –Angle of view (wide and narrow) –Zoom range (ratio) 20:1 (20 times narrower than the extreme-wide angle position)

10. Chapter 4 Iris and Aperture The lower the F Stop, the larger the aperture and the more light transmitted The higher the F Stop, the smaller the aperture and the less light is transmitted Beam Splitter Divides light into red, green, blue CCD –converts light beams to electric energy and creates video signal

11. Chapter 5: Operating the Camera Basic Camera moves –Pan (left to right, right to left –Tilt (up and down) –Cant (tilt sideways) –Dolly (move camera toward or away with a mobile mount, ie. shopping cart) –Zoom (change the focal length of the lens)

12. Chapter 5 Camera Etiquette –Don’t expose camera to the elements –Never leave a camera unattended –If using a tripod, make sure it is secure –Charge your batteries

13. Chapter 6: Looking Through the Viewfinder Framing –Pick a format and stay with it. 4 x 3 or 16 x 9 Field of View –Long shots, medium shots, close-ups, extreme close-ups Vectors –Graphic (lines or objects) –Index (arrow, finger point) –Motion (action on screen) 4 x 3 16 x 9

14. Chapter 6 Composition –Subject placement –Headroom, nose room (or “lookspace”), leadroom –Horizon line (level or “MTV canted?” –Avoid visual paradoxes between foreground and background

15. Chapter 6 Defining the Z Axis (illusory screen depth)

16. Chapter 6 Narrow angle = shallow depth of field. Objects in focus in foreground. Middle and backgrounds are out of focus Wide angle = great depth of field. All objects along z axis (foreground, middle, and background) are in focus. Avoid pans and zooms!!!

17. Chapter 7: Audio & Sound –Dynamic (rugged, less sensitive –Consenser (less rugged, more sensitive) –Ribbon (most sensitive) Handheld lavalier boom fishpole wireless –Omnidirectional –Unidirectional MICS

18. Chapter 7 Audio mixer- left & right channels, fader, VU meter Mic & line levels (mic for weak signals; line for strong signals Gain controls volume (clockwise=loud; counterclockwise=soft) Ideal digital audio is -6 db not 0

19. Chapter 8 Types of Light –Directional –Diffused White Balance Daylight (blue) Incandescent (yellow) Florescent (green)

20. Chapter 8 Indoor Three-point Lighting –Key light –Back light –Fill light Window Indoor Two- Point Lighting –Key light (with blue filter!) –Window as Back light Use: -barn doors - scrims - umbrellas - gels to diffuse & soften light

21. Chapter 8 Field Lighting Overcast conditions are ideal Bright light –use neutral density filter –use reflector to bounce light