1.  Content  Bryophytes  General Characteristics  Classification  Tracheophytes(Vascular Plants)  General Characteristics  Classification  Spermatophytes(The Seed Producing Plants)  Angiosperm  Monocot Plant  Dicot Plant  Importance Of Vascular Plants Bryophytes And Tracheophytes Class IX

2. All of these are land plants (terrestrial) with some aquatic forms. They are very small. The sporophyte and gametophyte have very different morphologies (heteromorphic alternation of generations) and the sporophyte is usually partly dependent on the gametophyte. Photosynthetic, non-vascular plants Plant body is either :- Thalloid and attached to the substratum by hair-like structures called rhizoids (true roots are absent) or is differentiated into leaf-like structures (phyllids), true stems and leaves lacking.

4.  Cuticle and stomata are absent.  The bryophytes show alternation of generations - the haploid gametophyte (producing gametes for sexual reproduction) alternates with diploid sporophyte (producing spores for asexual reproduction).  Gametophytes homothallic or heterothallic.  Thallus dichotomously branched.  They are Monoecious or Dioecious  The gametophyte generation is dominant, and independent.  The female organ is the archegonium.  The male organs are antheridia.

6.  The ovum remains in the archegonium and spermatozoids swim to it by chemotaxis.  Although bryophytes are land plants, they are still dependent upon water for fertilization, as the sperm swim in a water film.  The sporophyte is attached and dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition i.e. is parasitic on the gametophyte  The diploid sporophyte usually consists of a basal foot, an elevating seta and a terminal sporangium - the capsule  Spores are produced as a direct result of meiosis.  Spores dispersed by a mechanism which ensures dispersal in dry weather only.

7. Reproduction Vegetative( fragmentation) Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Alternation of generation bryophyte life cycle 1. Gametophyte 2.Sporophyte Classification 1.Hepaticae (liverworts) 2.Musci (Funaria) 3.Anthocerotae (Hornworts)

9.  Oogamous type  Gamets 1.Male Gamete (Antheridia) 2. Female Gamete (Archigonia)

11.  Zygote represents the first cell of the sporophytic phase.  Sporogonium  The wall of venter forms a protective covering to the sporogonium, called calyptra.  the sporogonium is differentiated into a foot, a seta and a capsule.  The sporogonium produces haploid spores (meiospores) which get released from the capsule.  hey germinate to produce new gametophytes either directly or through a juvenile stage called protonema.

14.  Antherozoid mother cells are:______________ (a) Androgonia (b) antherozoids (c) Androcytes (d) None  The basal swollen portion of the archegonium is______ (a) Venter (b) Neck (c) Jacket (d) Oospere  Which of the followings is absent in bryophytes? _____ (a) Archegonia (b) Oosphere (c) Zoospore (d) Antheridia of

15.  Questions 1. What is bryophytes? Ans. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2.Define non vascular plants. Ans._____________________________________ _____________________________________ 3.What do you understand about the term Dorsiventral? Ans. _____________________________________ _____________________________________

16. 4. What is alternation of generation? Ans.____________________________________ _____________________________________ 5.What is meaning of dichotomous term? Ans.____________________________________ _____________________________________ 6. Define the term Thallus. Ans.____________________________________ _____________________________________

17.  Cooksonia, the first vascular land plant  Appeared about 420 MYA  Phylum Rhyniophyta  Only a few centimeters tall  No roots or leaves 17

18.  Xylem  Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots  Phloem  Conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant  Enable enhanced height and size in the tracheophytes  Develops in sporophyte but not gametophyte  Cuticle and stomata also found in land plants 18

19.  Vascular plants include seven extant phyla grouped in three clades 1. Lycophytes (club mosses) 2. Pterophytes (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails) 3. Seed plants  Gametophyte has been reduced in size relative to the sporophyte during the evolution of tracheophytes  Similar reduction in multicellular gametangia has occurred as well 19

20.  Stems  Early fossils reveal stems but no roots or leaves  Lack of roots limited early tracheophytes  Roots  Provide transport and support  Lycophytes diverged before true roots appeared  Leaves  Increase surface area for photosynthesis  Evolved twice Euphylls (true leaves) found in ferns and seed plants Lycophylls found in seed plants 20

21.  400 million years between appearance of vascular tissue and true leaves  Seeds  Highly resistant  Contain food supply for young plant  Lycophytes and pterophytes do not have seeds 21

22.  Fruits in the flowering plants (angiosperms) add a layer of protection to seeds and attract animals that assist in seed dispersal, expanding the potential range of the species 22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ancestral alga ChlorophytesCharophytesLiverwortsHornwortsMossesLycophytesGymnospermsAngiosperms Chlorophyll a and b Plasmodesmata Cuticle Antheridia and archegonia Multicellular embryo Stomata Euphylls Seeds Flowers Fruits Dominant sporophyte Stems, roots, leaves Ferns + Allies Vascular tissue

23. BIOLOGY FOR CLASS IX

24.  Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. –most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen. –the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. –pollen is produced in male cones. –eggs are produced in female cones. –seeds develop on scales of female cones.

25.  Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta. –look like palm trees with large cones –grow in tropical areas

26.  Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta. –only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba –grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping

27.  Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta. –most common gymnosperms alive today –includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

28.  Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. –A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. –A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

29. Kingdom Phylum Class

30. Gymnosperms- cone bearing plants “gymno” = bare sperma= “seed”  seeds grow on cones  needle like leaves  usually stay green year round  Examples: pine trees & evergreens Angiosperms- flowering plants “angi” = enclosed sperma= “seed”  seeds are enclosed in a fruit  Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions  Divided into two main groups: Monocots & Dicots

31. Scientific name : Phaseolus lunatus Examples: peanut, peas, apples, oak tree, roses, cactus [green] [red] [green] [red] [blue] [yellow] [brown] Scientific name : Zea mays Examples: grass, wheat, palms, bananas, lily

34. Most of the advantages of vascular tissues stem from this functional one: A tracheophyte's xylem and phloem--which comprise the vascular system and are housed in the stem--enable liquids, nutrients and energy to be transported and distributed throughout the whole of the plant. Bryophytes depend on diffusion to distribute any acquired liquids, nutrients or energy.