1. Cognitivism Prepared by: Shuhudha Rizwan

2. It is going to rain. I must carry my umbrella! I may even have to wear my raincoat!!!!!! See, this is what I said but I’m safe!!! I knew that because I have a brain!!!

3. Problems with behaviourism Behaviourism really does not explain how certain things are happening in the mind, just that they are happening Behaviourism could not easily explain why people attempt to organise and make sense of the information they learn.

4. Cognitivism The general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering and using knowledge.

5. Cognitive Psychologists Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky

7. She may use the fork in the same way as the spoon. = assimilation of the new tool to existing skills and knowledge. Soon the child realises she can also use the fork to spike food. = accommodation. The child’s actions and knowledge adapt to the new possibility and something new is created.

8. What can you see from this picture?

10. Because different people perceive things differently

11. COGNITION Cognition is the mental processes that are used to obtain knowledge or to become aware of the environment. Cognition includes perception, imagination, judgment, memory, and language. It also includes the processes people use to think, decide, and learn

12. Concepts related to cognitivism “Pay attention!” –Concept: Attention -- how we filter or select important information from the environment. “I don’t know.” –Concept: Knowledge -- the store of general information and algorithms for performing tasks. “I don’t remember.” –Concept: Memory -- a process for storing, retrieving and working with information. “I can’t decide.” –Concept: Decision making – set of higher-level processes that work together allow us function day to day

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16. External stimulus Sensory register Initial processing Long term memory Short term memory Rehearsal and coding Retrieval Forgotten Repetition Forgotten Information processing model

17. Why attention? Because attention is very expensive

18. Please pay attention!!! Please lend me your ears!!!

19. How to gain attention! Let the students know that this is important. To do this you can use voice variations, body language, repetition, etc. Increase emotional content. Unusual, inconsistent, surprising stimuli Verbally say that this is important for tomorrow’s test.

20. What next???!!!!!!! I’m lending you all my ears!!! I’m paying all my attention!!!

21. Short Term Memory or The Working Memory This is the place where:This is the place where: The mind operates on information Organizes information for storage and discarding Connects new information to old ones

23. sensory register Looking at the picture Long term memory Name, past experiences, feelings, emotions.

24. How do you hold information in your short term memory? Rehearsal The longer you keep something in your working memory, the greater the chance it has to be transferred to the long term memory.

25. Why do most teachers ask students if they have understood something?

26. To help them organise their information let us do it!

28. Individual differences in working memory Individuals differ in the capacity of their working memories. The capacity of the working memory can be enhanced by enriching knowledge. The more knowledge a person has, the better able the person is in organising and absorbing information.

29. Long term memory The component in our memory in which large amounts of information can be stored for long periods of time

31. The Long Term Memory Episodic memory A part of LTM that store images of our personal experiences. Procedural memory A part of the LTM that stores information about how to do things Semantic Memory A part of the LTM that stores facts and general knowledge.

32. Flashbulb memory A type of memory in the episodic memory in which important events are fixed mainly in visual or auditory memory.

33. Semantic knowledge is mentally organized in networks of connected ideas or relationships called schemata. Schemata: mental networks of related concepts that influence understanding of new information.

34. An Example of a schemata on American imperialism