2. Write down 3 sentences 2 sentences should be truths about yourself. 1 sentence should be a lie about yourself. For example: I was raised in Houston. I love snakes. I love Italian food. Why one is the lie?

3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tG0DP_bGFfg

4. What do you think about these techniques to resolve speech anxiety? What techniques do you use when you are nervous? What is your current level of speech anxiety from 1-10?

5. Rubric Description and Outline Example

6. To persuade is to advocate, to ask others to accept your views. The goal of persuasive speaking is to influence audience members’ attitudes, beliefs, values, and actions.

7. Use info from audience analysis to make personally relevant Show how any change you propose will benefit the audience Establish credibility Set modest goals Demonstrate how an attitude or a behavior might keep listeners from feeling satisfied and competent Expect success from an audience whose position differs only moderately from your own

8. Must have both processes of reason and emotion Argument = stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue. Logos = logical appeal (reason) Pathos = emotional appeal

9. Ethos = credibility or moral character

10. Maslow’s classic hierarchy of needs 5 Needs: Physiological = access to basic sustenance like food, water, and air Safety = to feel protected and secure Social = to find acceptance; to have lasting, meaningful relationships Self-esteem = to feel good about ourselves; self-worth Self-actualization = to achieve goals; to reach our highest potential

11. Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion 2 routes of processing information: Central processing (seriously consider your message and pay attention) Peripheral processing (find your argument useless and reject your arguments) Change listeners from peripheral to central by: Linking your argument to the practical concerns Present message at appropriate level of understanding Demonstrate common bonds Stress your credibility

12. Arguments are comprised of: Claims = the speaker’s conclusion; what are you trying to prove? Evidence = proof that supports the claim Warrant = reasons that the evidence is valid or supports the claim.

13. 3 different types of claims Claims of fact = something is or is not true or whether it will or will not happen Claims of value = addresses issues of judgment Claims of policy = a specific course of action be taken or approved.

14. Examples Narratives Testimony Facts Statistics Audience’s preexisting knowledge and opinions Speaker expertise

15. One-sided message = does not mention opposing claims Two-sided message = does mention opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them

16. Reasoning = the process of drawing conclusions from evidence. Deductive reasoning= begin with a general principle or case, followed by a specific example of the case, which then leads to the speaker’s conclusion. Inductive reasoning = move from specific cases to a general conclusion supported by those cases. Reasoning by analogy = common form of inductive reasoning; compare two similar cases that implies what is true in one case is true in the other. Causal reasoning = argue that one event, circumstance, or idea (the cause) is the reason (effect) for another.

17. Logical fallacy = either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning. Examples Logical fallacy: Begging the question is an argument that is stated in such a way that it cannot help but be true, even though no evidence has been presented. “war kills” Bandwagoning: an argument that uses general opinion as its basis. Nikes are superior to other brands of shoes because everyone wears Nikes.”

18. Core values Cultural norms = rules for behavior Cultural premises = culturally specific values about identity and relationships Emotions

19. Problem-solution pattern Cause-solution pattern Motivated sequence pattern of arrangement comparative advantage pattern Refutation pattern

20. Alan Monroe in the mid-1930’s 5 steps for persuading an audience 1)Attention = addresses listeners’ core concerns, making the speech highly relevant to them. 2)Need = isolates the issue to be addressed. 3)Satisfaction = identifies the solution. 4)Visualization = provides the audience with a vision of anticipated outcomes associated with the solution. 5)Action = speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message.

21. Hostile audience that strongly disagrees Stress areas of agreement Address opposing views Don’t expect major change in attitudes Wait until the end before asking the audience to act, if at all Reason inductively Consider the refutation pattern Critical and conflicted Present strong arguments and evidence Address opposing views, perhaps by using the refutation pattern Sympathetic Use motivational stories and emotional appeals to reinforce positive attitudes Stress your commonality with the listeners Clearly tell the audience what you want them to think or do Consider the narrative pattern Uninformed, less-educated, or apathetic audience Focus on capturing their attention Stress personal credibility and likeability Stress the topic’s relevance to listeners

22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Asa3fwQnxRg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzRgnDhKUEY

23. What are the various types of claims that can be posed in a persuasive speech? What are some of the fallacies that can weaken an argument? Why do you think Monroe’s organizational plan is called the motivated sequence? List some occasions when this pattern might be useful for giving persuasive speeches.