1. Table of Contents Health Science and Technology Education A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Infection Control

2. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Microorganisms Microorganisms are small living bodies that are not visible to the naked eye. ▫Nonpathogens - maintain body processes ▫Pathogens – cause infection and disease Classes of microorganisms: ▫Bacteria ▫Protozoa ▫Fungi ▫Viruses

3. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Bacteria Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that are classified by shape. Spores are thick-walled cells created by bacteria to aid in reproduction and to make the bacteria resistant to harsh environments. Spores can result in serious illness. Diseases - food poisoning, strep throat, tetanus, syphilis, and cholera

4. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Protozoa Protozoa are the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Most protozoa need moisture to survive, so they are often found in watery environments. Diseases – malaria and dysentery

5. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Fungi Fungi are plant-like microorganisms that can be found in the air, in soil, on plants, or in water. There are thousands of types of fungi, including mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. Only about half of these types of fungi are pathogenic. Diseases - athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections, and thrush

6. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Lesson 1 – Viruses Viruses are the smallest type of microorganism. They are made up of only a few molecules. Viruses invade the cells of a living organism where they reproduce more viruses. Diseases - common cold, chicken pox, measles, herpes, hepatitis B and C, HIV, and AIDS

7. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Classification of Infections and Diseases Endogenous – begins inside the body Exogenous – caused by something outside the body Nosocomial – acquired by an individual within a health care facility Opportunistic – occur when the body’s defenses are weak

8. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Infectious and Communicable Diseases An infectious disease results from an invasion of microorganisms. A communicable disease is a type of infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another person. Not all infectious diseases are communicable.

9. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Chain of Infection Causative agent Reservoir Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host How can you break this chain?

10. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Mode of Transmission Airborne Transmission Bloodborne Transmission Vectorborne Transmission Sexual Transmission Foodborne Transmission Casual Contact

11. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Body Defenses Mucous Membranes (trap pathogens) Cilia (propel pathogens out of the body) Coughing/Sneezing Hydrochloric Acid (destroys pathogens) Tears in eyes (bacteriocidal) Fever Inflammation (WBC’s destroy pathogens) Immune Response (produces antibodies)

12. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Asepsis Asepsis is the absence of disease producing microorganisms. Maintaining asepsis in a health care facility is the primary way to prevent the spread of disease from person to person. Sterile means free of all pathogens. Contaminated means pathogens are present.

13. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Medical and Surgical Asepsis Medical asepsis is maintaining a clean environment in order to reduce the number of pathogens. It is also called clean technique. Surgical asepsis is maintaining a sterile field that is free from all microorganisms and spores. It is also known as sterile technique.

14. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Three Levels of Asepsis Antisepsis (Cleaning) is the lowest level of asepsis, and is also called sanitization. Prevents and inhibits growth of pathogenic organisms Does not kill spores or viruses Antiseptic solutions include iodine, betadine, and alcohol

15. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Three Levels of Asepsis Disinfection is a type of medical asepsis. Destroys most pathogens May not kill viruses and spores Common disinfectant solutions is bleach. An object must soak in a disinfectant solution for at least 20 minutes to be properly disinfected.

16. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Three Levels of Asepsis Sterilization is the highest level of asepsis. Used for surgical asepsis Kills all microorganisms, including viruses and spores. The most common equipment used for sterilization is the autoclave. Also, steam under pressure, radiation, and chemicals can be used

17. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Hand Washing Hand washing is the most basic and important type of medical asepsis. Hand washing is the number one way to prevent the spread of infection.

18. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents When should you wash your Hands? When arriving at the health care facility and immediately before leaving the facility Before and after every patient contact Before and after a procedure Before and after handling a specimen Before and after touching the mouth Before and after wearing gloves After contacting soiled or contaminated items After picking up any item from the floor After using the bathroom After coughing, sneezing, or using a tissue

19. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Handwashing Remove jewelry. Get paper towels ready. Turn on water & adjust to warm water Wet wrist and hands. Apply soap. Lather hands. Clean all surfaces of the hands and wrist. Keep fingers pointed downward Interlace fingers, create friction. Scrub with a brush or your knuckles. Wash for at least 15 seconds. Keep water running. Use only dry paper towels to dry hands Turn off faucet with another dry paper towel

20. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Cleaning Equipment Cleaning is the lowest level of medical asepsis. To clean objects or equipment, health care workers may use soap, water, and scrub brushes. Some health care facilities use ultrasonic units for cleaning. An ultrasonic unit uses sound waves and cleaning solution to clean dirt and residue from items.

21. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Standard Precautions The Center for Disease Control and Prevention developed a list of standard precautions that should be used for all patients, regardless of their type of illness. Two reasons for standard precautions: ▫To protect health care workers ▫To protect patients

22. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Standard Precautions for Patient Contact Use appropriate personal protective equipment Wash hands frequently Bandage cuts properly Use face shields during CPR

23. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness Place sharps in puncture- proof biohazardous waste containers Clean up spills immediately Discard infectious waste in biohazardous waste bags Place contaminated linens in biohazardous laundry bags

24. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Sterile Technique Sterile technique, also called surgical asepsis, is maintaining an area that is free from all microorganisms. Sterile technique must be practiced for all invasive procedures to protect patients from infection. To maintain a sterile area, only sterile items may touch other sterile items.

25. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Sterile Fields Sterile fields are areas that are set up for procedures and are free from microorganisms. A sterile field is usually a tray covered with a small sterile towel. The tray contains equipment and supplies for a specific procedure.

26. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Working with Sterile Fields Never touch a sterile field until sterile gloves are applied. Never reach across a sterile field Never turn your back to a sterile field. Keep your eyes on a sterile field at all times. Never get the sterile field wet. Remember the 2 inch border around the sterile field is considered contaminated.

27. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Sterile Glove Sterile gloves are a key tool in maintaining a sterile field. Sterile gloves should be worn whenever health care workers treat an open wound, perform an invasive procedure, or apply a dressing.

28. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Sterile Packages Most of the items used to create a sterile field are pre- packaged in sterile wraps. A sterile package must be opened with care. The outside of the package is considered contaminated, but the inside is sterile. Only sterile items, such as a sterile transfer forceps, may touch the inside of a sterile package.

29. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Using PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) Personal Protective Equipment includes: Gloves Gowns Apron Mask Goggles Face Shield

30. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Masks and Eyewear Masks and eyewear must be worn for procedures that may produce splashes or sprays of blood or bodily fluid. Masks should be worn once and then discarded into biohazardous waste containers. Eyewear is often reusable. However, it must be cleaned and disinfected before reuse.

31. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Gowns Gowns should be worn when using chemical solutions and during procedures where splashing or spraying of blood and bodily fluid is likely. Disposable gown should be placed into biohazardous waste containers after use. Non-disposable gowns may be placed into biohazardous linens bags.

32. A PPLIED E DUCATIONAL S YSTEMS Health Science Table of Contents Non-Sterile Gloves Non-sterile gloves should be worn when contacting blood or other bodily fluids and when handling or cleaning contaminated items. The same pair of gloves should never be worn in more than one procedure. Wearing gloves should never replace washing hands.