1. Early Civilisations

2. Homo sapiens sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E. –Larger brain, tools, weapons Paleolithic –Hunter Gatherers  Family groups  nomadic –Gender division of labor  Men: hunting, fishing, defense  Women: gathering, making medicine –Spread from Africa Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers

3. The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.

4. Plants and animals domesticated Towns/cities Social Differentiation –Specialized jobs –Regional trade –Women lose political/economic roles Causes? Maybe climatic shifts Alternatives –Hunting-and-gathering persists –Pastoralism – nomadic herding people The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

5. The Spread of Agriculture

6. A.Jericho –Jordan River  Cultivation of wheat, barley  Brick houses B.Çatal Hüyük –Southern Turkey  Large complex  Shrines The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization

7. All civilizations –Cities, food surplus, social structure, religion, government, writing* First civilization develops in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia

8. Sumerians c 4000 B.C.E. – Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers –Irrigation for farming Political and Social Organization –City-States – state religion & god –Kings –Priests –Slaves Mesopotamia

9. Culture and Religion –Writing  Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets –Gilgamesh – first epic story –Astronomy –Numeric system –Ziggurats – central monumental buildings –Wheel, plow Mesopotamia

10. The Akkadian Empire (1 st empire) –Sargon I The Babylonian Empire –Hammurabi  Law Code – “eye for an eye” Mesopotamia

11. –Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.  No city ‑ states! Egypt is centralized –Government  Pharaoh – theocracy (religious government)  Bureaucracy – nonelected government officials –Hieroglyphic alphabet  Pictograms  Papyrus –Religion  polytheistic  Belief in afterlife Egypt

12. Differences –City-states v. centralized –Greater trade/contact in Mesopotamia –Greater technology Mesopotamia –Women had higher status in Egypt Similarities –Stratified society –Astronomy and mathematics –Patriarchal societies - Men dominate Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared

13. India Indus River valley - modern-day Pakistan Two major cities –Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro –Indoor plumbing –Grid system –Writing (still a mystery) Collapsed under invasion and natural disasters

14. China Huanghe (Yellow) River valley Most isolated river valley civilization Pottery, iron, writing Shang dynasty Oracle bones Mythic history

15. The Eastern Mediterranean, c. 1100 B.C.E.

16. Hebrews –Modern Israel area –Semitic –Yahweh - monotheistic  Torah – holy book  The first Abrahamic faith The Mediterranean Region

17. Phoenicians –Middle Eastern coast –City-states –Alphabet –Colonization along the Mediterranean  To Atlantic, Iberia, Britain The Mediterranean Region