2. Morphological Analysis for Word Meaning Education 574 Spring, 2011 University of Bridgeport

3. Teaching students key vocabulary can include teaching them to look for affixes and root words that they know and can help them determine the meanings of new words as they read.

4. Morphology is… morphe = form -logy = to study The study of meaningful units of language and how those units are combined in words Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit or form in a language Example: cat-s cats (1 syllable word, 2 morphemes)

5. Why study morphology? Knowing morphemes can help us figure the meanings of thousands of words.

6. Structural Analysis The number, order of and type of morphemes used to make up a particular word is called its structure.

7. Structural/Morphological Analysis For about 40-50% of words known by children, there is evidence that they worked out meanings by consciously combining prefixes and suffixes (i.e. Un-, -able) with known root words or by analyzing compound words into their components. (Anglin, 1993) More research is needed.

8. 3 Layers of English 3 Layers of English Greek 11% Latin 55% Anglo-Saxon 1%

9. Origins of the English Language Important Teacher Knowledge 1.Anglo-Saxon/ GermanicLess than 1% 2.LatinApproximately 55% 3.GreekApproximately 11% 4.FrenchA lot 5.OthersAnd growing…

10. Anglo-Saxon/ Germanic The oldest Less than 1% of our words Make up over half of our written language Most common and frequent Ordinary, daily vocabulary (Tier 1) Use syllable patterns: vc, v, v-e, vr, vv, -le Least phonetic Many irregular spellings, silent letters Basically the entire Dolch List (High Frequency) Examples: house, mother, of, was, though, cough, goat, knee, could, love, cat

11. Latin Contributions Over half our words Used in literature and textbooks Long: usually have roots and affixes Vowel patterns: v-e, v_, vr Uses very few vowel teams Never uses sh for /sh/, instead uses ti, ci, si, xi Makes use of schwa Are very easy to read once you know how

12. Typical structure: prefix + root + connective + suffix trans port a tion

13. Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes : Have meaning, but cannot stand alone. Bound morphemes are referred to as affixes Prefix: trans- Suffix: -able

14. There are two types of affixes; There are two types of bound morphemes; prefixes and suffixes

15. Prefix Letters added to the beginning of a (base/root) word that changes its meaning un- pre- re- trans- inter- sub-

16. Suffix Letters added to the end of a (base/root) word or another suffix that changes its meaning or the way it can be used in a sentence. There are two types of suffixes

17. Suffixes Inflectional Suffixes Inflectional Suffixes change the way a word can be used in a sentence (and meaning).Plurals (s, es) “cats,” “foxes,” possessives “cat’s”Adjectives comparatives (er. est) = “faster,” “smallest”Verbs tense (-ed, -ing, 3rd person singular -s) “hunted,” “standing,” jumps

18. Suffixes Derivational Suffixes: Suffixes that change the meaning of a (base/root) word (and its function in a sentence). encourage peace dent encouragement peaceful dentist

19. Inflectional suffixes can be added to a derivational suffix summary/ summarize/ summarizing compete/ competition/ competitions

20. Free morphemes: Have meaning and can stand alone. Free morphemes are referred to as roots lock

21. Compound Words A compound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word. A compound word is made when two free morphemes are joined to form a new word.

22. Compound Words lifetime elsewhere upside grandmother cannot baseball fireworks passport become became sunflower crosswalk basketball superstructure

23. un + lock + ing bound free bound prefix root suffix 3 morphemes

24. Root The form of a word after the affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are removed. Re port ertrans form ed con tract ing

25. -ject = to “throw” (-tion“the act of”) Verb Noun e (ex)(“out”)eject ejection in(“in”)inject injection pro(“forward”)project projection inter(“between”)interject interjection sub(“under”) subject subjection re(“back”) reject rejection

26. Greek Contributions 11% of our words Language of science Uses combining forms, meaning each word part has equal value Uses ph = /f/, ch = /k/, y = short/long i, long e Scientists use Greek combining forms to create new words

27. -graph “to write” -logy “to study ” bio“life”biography biology auto“self”autobiography geo“land”geography geology -ist“person”geologist biologist choreo “dance”choreograph cardio“heart”cardiologist chrono “time”chronology

28. Syllables versus Morphemes Word SyllablesMorphemes dogs unlike elephant humorous wiped biosphere incredible

29. When do we teach? Grade 1 introduce the concept with very basic common morphemes (suffixes: -ing, -ed, -er, -est) Can introduce the Latin elements such as the prefix ex-, pre- Grades 2/3 continue with common prefixes and suffixes, use compound words to develop the concept of morphology Grade 3/4 introduce the most common Latin roots, continue with affixes Grades 5-6 study in depth Latin roots and affixes, introduce Greek, chameleon prefixes Grades 7/8 study in depth Greek combining forms High school continue studying the most sophisticated morphemes

30. 7 Guiding Principles for Morphemic Instruction Provide explicit instruction in how morphemic analysis works Teach most common, most transparent first Examine relationships between words through “word families” Provide a structure so students can use analysis independently Sufficient review and practice to build automaticity Summarize and reflect on the lesson content, structural patterns and procedures Be clear that it (morpheme analysis) doesn’t always work

31. Lesson 1 Setting the stage using compound words Objectives: 1. Define the term morpheme 2. Know that parts of words carry meaning 3. Knowing the parts can help define the whole 4. Know it doesn’t always work

32. Lesson 2: Examples versus Non-examples Objective: 1.Define prefix. 2. Define suffix. 3. Locating examples/ non-examples of the prefix pre- pretty prevent Locating examples/ non-examples of the suffix –ing looking vs. king

33. Typical Introduction T: Present orally: support, transport, import, export, report S: Repeat above T: In what way do those words sound the same? (port) T: Presents visually above words S: Reads words T: In what way do these words look the same (p,o,r,t) T: Where is “port” p,o,r,t in the words? T: What does “port” mean? How does “port” change the meaning of the root word?

34. port to carry My brother needed tra transportation to the airport.

35. Introduction: “tion” T: Present orally: support, transportation, invitation, S: Repeat above T: In what way do those words sound the same? (shun) T: Presents visually above words S: Reads words T: In what way do these words look the same (t,i,o,n) T: Where is “shun” t,i,o,n in the words? T: What does “shun” mean? How does “tion” change the meaning of the root word?

36. -tion words VerbVerb collect invent infect perfect elect experiment explore Noun collection invention infection perfection election experimentation exploration - the a is a bridge to get us from the word to -tion

37. A word about the really weird looking suffixes: Some suffixes look really hard and scary, but once you understand them, they are easy to read. They always say the same thing: -cian/shin/-xious /shus/ -cious /shus/-tial /shul/ -tious /shus/-cial /shul/ The key ci and ti make the sound /sh/. The spellings alter to accommodate whatever came before it in the word.

38. Examples of student tasks: Read the room for prefix/ suffix of the day or to review several affixes Grab any text and search for morpheme of the day, list on paper After doing several affixes, teacher posts several base words, teams mix & match base words and affixes to make as many words as possible in 1 minute Cumulative review Bingo- affixes on board, T calls out definition, S match to affix

39. Building a Morphology Board PrefixesLatin Roots Suffixes pre- ject-ing un- spect-ful dis- dic/dict -ly re- -tion e-, ex- rejection predicting disrespectfully

40. Your Turn Write your Greek or Latin root in the center of the web. How many related words can your team come up with?

41. Resources for Beginning the Study of Morphology Ganske, K. Mindful of Words. Guilford Press. 2008. Henry, M. Words. Pro.ed. 1990. Johnson, K & Bayrd, P. Megawords Workbooks 2-8. EPS. 2002. King, D.H. English Isn’t Crazy! Pro.ed. 2000. Numes & Bryant. Improving Literacy by Teaching Morphemes. Routledge. 2006. Websites of interest: http://etymonline.com http://wordinfo.info