1. WORD FORMATION ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ПО ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ГРАММАТИКЕ Подготовила Дарья Коломейцева Л-301

2. WORD FORMATION IS THE PROCESS OF CREATING NEW WORDS

3. WORD FORMATION PROCESSES 1.Derivation 2.Back-formation 3.Conversion 4.Compounding 5.Clipping 6.Blending 7.Abbreviations 8.Acronyms 9.Eponyms 10.Coinages 11.Nonce words 12.Borrowing 13.Calquing

4. WORD FORMATION: CONVERSION Conversion Conversion is the word formation process whereby a word of one part of speech converts into a word of another part of speech

6. NOUN TO VERB CONVERSION 1.access – to access 2.bottle – to bottle 3.can – to can 4.closet – to closet 5.eye – to eye 6.fiddle – to fiddle 7.fool – to fool 8.host – to host 9.knife – to knife 10.microwave – to microwave 11.name – to name 12.pocket – to pocket 13.salt – to salt 14.shape – to shape 15.ship – to ship 16.spear – to spear 17.torch – to torch 18.verb – to verb

8. MY GRANDMOTHER BOTTLED (VERB) THE JUICE AND CANNED (VERB) THE PICKLES.

9. 1.to alert – alert 2.to attack – attack 3.to call – call 4.to clone – clone 5.to command – command 6.to cover – cover 7.to cry – cry 8.to experience – experience 9.to fear – fear 10.to feel – feel 11.to hope – hope 12.to increase – increase 13.to judge – judge 14.to laugh – laugh 15.to rise – rise 16.to run – run 17.to sleep – sleep 18.to start – start 19.to turn – turn 20.to visit – visit VERB TO NOUN CONVERSION

10. THE ENEMY ATTACKED (VERB) BEFORE AN ALERT (NOUN) COULD BE SOUNDED.

11. CONVERSION ALSO OCCURS, ALTHOUGH LESS FREQUENTLY, TO AND FROM OTHER GRAMMATICAL FORMS. adjective to verb: green → to green (to make environmentally friendly) preposition to noun: up, down → the ups and downs of life conjunction to noun: if, and, but → no ifs, ands, or buts interjection to noun: ho ho ho → I love the ho ho hos of Christmastime

12. DERIVATION IS THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN WHICH A DERIVATIONAL AFFIX ATTACHES TO THE BASE FORM OF A WORD TO CREATE A NEW WORD. base form derivational affix

13. PREFIXES  a- – without, not  co- – together  de- – opposite, negative, removal, separation  dis- –opposite, negative  en- – cause to be  ex- – former, previous, from  in- – negative, not  non- – absence, not  re- – again, repeatedly  un- – negative, not, opposite, reversal

14. SUFFIXES  -able – sense of being  -er – agent  -ful – characterized by  -fy – make, become, cause to be  -ism – action or practice, state or condition  -less – lack of  -ly – -like  -ology – study, science  -ship – condition, character, skill  -y – characterized by, inclination, condition

15.  verb to verb: appear → disappear  noun to noun:  friend → friendship  adjective to adjective:  practical → impractical verb to noun: preserve → preservation verb to adjective: bore → boring noun to verb: code → codify noun to adjective: nature → natural adjective to noun: ugly → ugliness adjective to verb: sweet → sweeten adjective to adverb: quick → quickly GRAMMATICAL FORM RETAINING DERIVATION :

16. NEW FORMS OF THE SAME WORD  eat and eats  dog and dogs

17. BACK-FORMATION IS THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN WHICH AN ACTUAL OR SUPPOSED DERIVATIONAL AFFIX DETACHES FROM THE BASE FORM OF A WORD TO CREATE A NEW WORD. 1)babysitter – babysit 2)donation – donate 3)gambler – gamble 4)hazy – haze 5)moonlighter – moonlight 6)obsessive – obsess 7)procession – process 8)resurrection – resurrect 9)sassy – sass 10)television – televise

18. COMPOUNDING, CLIPPING, AND BLENDING Compounding Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. o noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook o adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry o verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom o noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed o verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry o adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight o verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup o preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun o adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet o preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into

19. BREAKUP break + up

20. BLACKBIRD

21. CLIPPING IS THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN WHICH A WORD IS REDUCED OR SHORTENED WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING OF THE WORD.  advertisement – ad  alligator – gator  examination – exam  gasoline – gas  gymnasium – gym  influenza – flu  laboratory – lab  mathematics – math  memorandum – memo  photograph – photo  public house – pub  raccoon – coon  reputation – rep  situation comedy – sitcom  telephone – phone

22. The four types of clipping are back clipping, fore- clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.

23. BLENDING IS THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN WHICH PARTS OF TWO OR MORE WORDS COMBINE TO CREATE A NEW WORD WHOSE MEANING IS OFTEN A COMBINATION OF THE ORIGINAL WORDS. FOR EXAMPLE: advertisement + entertainment → advertainment biographical + picture → biopic breakfast + lunch → brunch chuckle + snort → chortle cybernetic + organism → cyborg guess + estimate → guesstimate hazardous + material → hazmat motor + hotel → motel prim + sissy → prissy simultaneous + broadcast → simulcast smoke + fog → smog Spanish + English → Spanglish spoon + fork → spork telephone + marathon → telethon web + seminar → webinar

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