1. Dan Trout COSC 480

2.  Knowledge Infusion (KI)  The Guillotine Game  Ottho (On the Tip of My Thought)  Cognitive Units  Knowledge Sources as CU Repositories  Reasoning Mechanism  Experiment  Summary & Questions

3.  “Process of providing a system with background knowledge that gives it a deeper understanding of the information it deals with.”  The Matrix  Web = source of world knowledge  Humans offload cognitive processing to the Web

4.  Italian game show  Player given five words as clues  Clues unrelated, each strongly linked to game’s unique solution

5.  Clues ◦ Sin  Forbidden fruit ◦ Newton  Discovered gravity ◦ Doctor  “Apple a day” ◦ Pie  Obvious ◦ New York  “Big Apple” Apple

6.  We build Ottho’s knowledge through sources ◦ Encyclopedia (Italian Wikipedia) ◦ Italian dictionary ◦ Compound words – words that often go together ◦ Proverbs and aphorisms (Wikiquote) ◦ Descriptions of Italian movies (www.imdb.com)www.imdb.com ◦ Italian songs (www.onlylyrics.com)www.onlylyrics.com ◦ Book titles

7.  Core of the system  Strategy based on thought theory ◦ Humans’ long term memory encoded as CU ◦ Form interconnected network  Represent each CU by two fields ◦ Head – words identifying concept ◦ Body – words describing CU  Example ◦ CU = [artificial intelligence | intelligence computer science agent McCarthy reasoning…]

8. Ottho System Architecture

9.  Different heuristics for each CU ◦ Encyclopedia  Head = title, body = categories, bold words, section titles, page links ◦ Dictionary  Head = lemma & synonyms, body = words in definition ◦ Compound words  Head is empty, body = sequence of words in compound form ◦ Proverbs and aphorisms  Head = author, body = words in quote ◦ Songs, movies, and books  Head = author, body = words in title  Extraction process = 743,193 CUs

10.  Words and meanings stored in a network-like structure  Spreading Activation Network (SAN)  Network of searched nodes  Building SAN ◦ M knowledge sources (KS 1,…,KS M ) = CU repositories ◦ CU repositories have five clues (k 1,…,k 5 ) ◦ Populate SAN by adding CUs related to clues ◦ For each clue k i, search performed in KS m (m=1,…,M ) to retrieve a list of relevant CUs.

11.  Finally, we get M list of pairs  CU j is the jth CU retrieved from KS m and w ij is the cosine similarity value between k i and CU j  Example

12. Wikipedia Dictionary Wikipedia Dictionary

14. h = max. relevant CUs t = threshold for scoring words

15.  Knowledge Infusion (KI)  The Guillotine Game ◦ Ottho (On the Tip of My Thought)  Cognitive Units  Knowledge Sources as CU Repositories  Reasoning mechanism  Experiment

16.  Giovanni, S. (2012). An Artificial Player for a Language Game. G. Marco de, L. Pasquale and B. Pierpaolo. 27: 36-43.