1. Solid and Hazardous Waste G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 24 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 24

2. Key Concepts  Types and amounts of wastes  Methods to reduce waste  Methods of dealing with wastes  Hazardous waste regulation in the US

3. Wasting Resources  Industrial and agricultural waste  Municipal solid waste  US: 11 billion metric tons/year Fig. 24-2 p. 533

4. Producing Less Waste and Pollution  Waste management (high waste approach)  Burying, burning, shipping  Waste prevention (low waste approach)  Reduce, reuse, recycle  Sustainability Six

5. Dealing with Material Use and Wastes Fig. 24-3 p. 535

6. Solutions: Cleaner Production  Ecoindustrial revolution  Resource exchange webs  Biomimicry  Service-flow economy

7. Solutions: Selling Services Instead of Things  Service-flow economy  Uses a minimum amount of material  Products last longer  Products are easier to maintain, repair, and recycle  Eco-leasing See Individuals Matter p. 538

8. Reuse  Extends resource supplies  Saves energy and money  Reduces pollution  Create jobs  Reusable products

9. Recycling  Primary (closed-loop)  Preconsumer waste  Secondary (open loop)  Postconsumer waste Fig. 24-6 p. 539

10. Characteristics of Recyclable Materials  Easily isolated from other waste  Available in large quantities  Valuable

11. Benefits of Recycling Fig. 24-8 p. 541

12. Recycling Methods  Centralized recycling of mixed waste (Materials-Recovery Facilities, MRFs)  Source separation  Pay-as-you-throw (PAUT)

13. Case Studies: Wastepaper and Plastics  49% of wastepaper recycled in US  Chlorine-based compound in paper production  10% or less of plastic recycled in US  Plastics can be very difficult to recycle

14. Burning Wastes  Mass burn incineration  Mass burn incineration  Air pollution  Waste to energy Fig. 24-13 p. 546

15. Burying Wastes  Sanitary landfills  Leachate collection  Monitoring wells  Emit greenhouse gases (CO 2 and methane)  Open dumps

16. Sanitary Landfill Fig. 24-14 p. 547

17. Sanitary Landfills: Trade-offs Fig. 24-15 p. 548

18. Hazardous Wastes: Types  Contains at least one toxic compound  Catches fire easily  Reactive or explosive  Corrodes metal containers

19. Not Hazardous Wastes under RCRA  Radioactive wastes  Household wastes  Mining wastes  Oil and gas drilling wastes  Liquids containing organic hydrocarbons  Cement kiln dust  <100 kg (220 lb) per month

20. Dealing with Hazardous Wastes Fig. 24-17 p. 550

21. Detoxifying and Removing Wastes  Bioremediation  Phytoremediation  Plasma incineration  Physical methods  Chemical methods

22. Deep-well Disposal Fig. 24-21 p. 553

23. Hazardous Waste Landfill Fig. 24-23 p. 554

24. Surface Impoundments: Trade-offs Fig. 24-22 p. 553

25. Case Studies: Lead  Lead poisoning major problem in children Primary Sources of Lead  Leaded gasoline (phased out by 1986)  Lead paint (banned in 1970)  Lead in plumbing  Progress is being made in reducing lead

26. Case Studies: Mercury  Vaporized elemental Mercury  Fish contaminated with methylmercury  Natural inputs  Emission control  Prevention of contamination

27. Case Studies: Dioxins  Potentially highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons  Waste incineration  Fireplaces  Coal-fired power plants  Paper production Sources of Dioxins  Sewage sludge

28. Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)  Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund)  National Priority List  Polluter-pays principle

29. Solutions: Achieving a Low-Waste Society  Local grassroots action  International ban on 12 persistent organic pollutants (the dirty dozen)  Precautionary Principle