1. Types of Waste and Waste Management

2. Types of Waste  Medical waste : < 0.1%  Municipal solid waste: < 1.2 %  Hazardous waste: 5%  Industrial waste : 93.7%  Radioactive waste : < 0.1 %

3. Causes for Increased Waste Generation Demographic changes Degree of urbanization Consumer preference Demand for convenience ahead of the environment.

4. How Municipal solid waste (MSW) Is Managed Landfills 67% 17% Recycling 16% Incineration Municipal waste production is increasing, and landfills are decreasing Groundwater contamination as a result of unlined landfill disposal Alternate management strategies, are becoming important

5. MSW Management Hierarchy −Source reduction −Reuse −Recycling - mass-to-energy conversion −Incineration −Landfill

6. Hazardous Waste Certain wastes that require special handling because they present a serious threat to human health and the environment if mismanaged

7. Hazardous Waste Characteristics Ignitability −Substances that catch fire with a flash point of 140 degrees Fahrenheit or less Corrosivity −Substances that corrode storage tanks (pH 12.5) Reactivity −Substances that are chemically unstable and may explode or generate poisonous gases (cyanide and sulfide) Toxicity −Substances that are injurious to health when ingested or inhaled (e.g., chlorine, ammonia, pesticides, formaldehyde)

8. Potential threats to the environment that led to listing on the National Priorities List Human health impacts. Animal life impacts. Air impacts. Surface water impacts Soil impacts Flora impacts (vegetation) Drinking water impacts. Groundwater impacts.

9. Health Effects of Selected Hazardous Substances Health effectSourceChemical Cancer; damages liver, embryo, bird eggsInsecticide DDT Headaches, nausea, loss of muscle coordination, leukemia, bone marrow damage Solvents, pharmaceuticals, detergent production Benzene Lung and liver cancer, depresses CNS, suspected embryotoxinPlastics productionVinyl chloride Neurotoxic; causes headaches, irritability, mental impairment in children; damages brain, liver, and kidneys Paint, gasolineLead Cancer in animals, damage to liver and kidneys Zinc processing, batteries, fertilizer processing Cadmium