1. REALISM: Naturalism + Social Reality ~ Naturalism is making objects in a painting look lifelike, real, or natural ~ Realism is the same as naturalism but without making it look glorified, perfect, or sensationalized. (Remember Roman portrait busts – if the person was old or in bad shape they looked old and in bad shape! ~ Social Realism relates to subject matter – no more heroes and goddesses and exotic mythological figures. Instead farmers and peasants and every day people are represented.

2. SOCIAL REALISM Honore Daumier, The Third Class Carriage, 1863, oil on canvas ~ Daumier was well known for political satire directed at the wealthy and the royals. ~He also focused on working class people and showing them as dignified and important even in lower-class settings ~ His work was not “naturalistic” but rather showed people as they appeared in mood and attitude

3. FRENCH REALISM Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1855, oil on canvas ~ Bonheur preferred the company of animals to people and was known for her incredible ability to render horses and other livestock perfectly. ~She did not glorify the animals – rather showed them as they appeared in the setting she was painting – normally local settings like the horse fair ~ Advocate for women’s rights!

4. Gustav Courbet, The Interior of My Studio, 1855, oil on canvas ~ Would only paint things he had real knowledge of and had actually seen – no painting fictional characters or places. ~This painting is a summary of 7 years of people he had painted or invited to his studio. ~ Academy would not show it so he had the first one-man show. ~An advocate for the working class and oppressed

5. Winslow Homer, Snap the Whip 1872, oil on canvas ~ Was originally a printmaker – was fully self-taught as a painter and refused to study or look at other painters’ work – particularly European “Masters” ~ Painted everyday life scenes, painted camp life during the civil war, then moved on to nautical (ocean) scenes ~ Watercolor was first used just to create quick studies or sketches for large oil paintings. Homer showed his watercolors as finished pieces creating a new major art medium. American Realism

6. Thomas Eakins, The Agnew Clinic, 1889, oil on canvas ~ Absolute realism – or harsh reality. He would paint exactly as observed. ~ Most portraits were not nice looking so clients often rejected the commissioned work ~ Considered to be one of the best technical artists ever in America ~First to insist on art instruction that observed nature – drawing from actual nudes

7. James Abbott McNeil Whistler, Sketch for Rose and Silver and Lady from the Land of Porcelain, 1863, oil on canvas (Both at WAM) ~ Born in Lowell, MA. Moved to Russia and Europe and disclaimed being a New Englander ~ Didn’t attempt to put any meaning into his art – “ART FOR ART’S SAKE” meaning it just has to be aesthetically pleasing – a group of lines, patterns, form, and colors ~ Precursor to the abstract movement ~ Highly influenced by Japonism – while it was exotic – he did not paint Japanism women – but models from life dressed and posed in Eastern garments

8. John Singer Sargent, Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882, oil on canvas (MFA, Boston) ~ Originally American – but really was educated and trained in Europe, eventually landing in London ~ Famous for painting wealthy people in their casual home settings. Portrayed them glamorously but not glorified ~ Amazing ability to draw the human figure and fabric – drew and then painted from direct observation

9. The Birth of Photography Nicephore Niepce, View from his Window at Gras, 1826, polished pewter plate exposed for 8 hours ~ Convergence of optical and chemical technology ~ First known photo 1829 ~Daguerre invented a quicker process in 1839 10-15 minute exposure time (Daguerreotype) ~ 1850’s wet-plate and then dry-plat techniques ~ 1880’s roll film and hand-held cameras became the norm

10. The Birth of Photography Louis Daguerre, Still life, 1837, Silver plate process Louis Daguerre, Edgar Allen Poe, ~ Portrait photography eliminated the need for “miniatures” a type of small portrait painting that was carried around like wallet size photos are today. ~ Travel and war photography ~Documentary Photography ~ Art Photography http://www.thedaglab.com/daguerreotype-process-details/

11. Jacob Riis, Street Arabs in the Area of Mulberry St, 1889 Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1859 ~Documentary photos lead to legislation in housing reform and child labor. ~ Portrait photography lead to the demise of portrait painting – photography was less expensive and more naturalistic!

12. Julia Cameron, Call, I Follow; I follow; Let me die, 1867 ~ Art photography began with deliberately blurry images, then multiple exposures, special lenses, adding paint or tint to the photo, etc… ~ instead of objectively representing a person or object, the photographer looed to represent a mood or feeling ~ Many painters started using photos as sketches – instead of drawings or watercolors ~ photography directly impacted the movement toward abstract painting – why paint naturalistic objects or people if you can just take a photo?