1. CIV 101-03 March 23, 2016 Class 25 The Early Renaissance: Return to Classical Roots, 1400–1494

2. Starts in Italy [c. 1400], then spreads: [circa--VERY ROUGH DATES] Germany: 1430-1580 English: 1485-1685 Spain: 1492-1580 French: 1494-1559 Northern Renaissance: 1497-1580

4. Urbanization. (We discussed this last time) Italian City-States and social organization – Esp. the rise of the signori, the patron Note how similar this is to the rise of Democracy and rhetoric (to educate the young to keep power) in ancient Greece. The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

5. – Resurgence (short lived, but important) of the Papacy CENTERED IN ROME This concentrates the power and money – Leads to more artistic patronage – The papacy seeks to elevate the core spirit of the Church; uses ART to help. – Eventually, a centralized Roman Catholic hierarchy makes breaking away from the Church easier... Rome again becomes a target. The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

6. Changes leading to the Renaissance – Scholasticism came to it’s logical end (navel gazing) – Humanism Concept of individual worth – Both of people/person – AND of their works Developing ways to ‘finesse’ adherence to and loosening of, bonds with the Catholic Church – Notice how humanism does this... “well, God made us so we’re good... And we do X, Y, Z in the service of God/the Church, SO human works are ok too”

7. The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance Changes leading to the Renaissance – Schooling and Scholarship Exercising the body and mind – Recalls educational techniques of the ancient Greeks

8. Changes leading to the Renaissance – Classicism: Rediscovery and spread of ancient literature Neoplatonism: initially, encouraged by and works for the Church (so sneaks in) Ciceronianism (that high formal Latin style, and everything formal, is best. Actually a misunderstanding of Cicero based on not yet having his full works available. Aristotle and logic and rhetoric. Largely recovered from the Arabs/Islamics but also supported by post-Augustinian representations. The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

9. Changes leading to the Renaissance – Classicism (in literature): Rediscovery and spread of ancient literature Latin (esp. the high, formal style), then Greek, then the Vernaculars Full expression and development of the seven liberal arts Continued development of the University around the 7 liberal arts The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

10. Recovery of ancient texts – Aristotle 12 th to 13 th c., went from 2 to 42 extant texts. Often opposed by the Church – Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati Niccolò de' Niccoli and Poggio Bracciolini scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero, Lucretius, Livy and Seneca. – the Fall of Constantinople (1453) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

11. Recovery of ancient texts – Coluccio Salutati's invitation to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar Manuel Chrysoloras (c.1355–1415) to Florence to teach Greek. This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius. Much of this work involved re-translating works preserved by the Arabs/Muslims The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

12. Petrarch – Begins Italian poetic humanism. Extends and develops classical literature The Northern Renaissance: Humanism via Erasmus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- yLerAsDNs4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- yLerAsDNs4 – Critiques the corruptions in the Church, without proposing a break up – Extolls the virtues of moderate human works The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

13. The printing press (we discussed this last time) The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

14. Changes leading to the Renaissance – Strong development of the guild system from the late middle ages advanced both practical AND artistic trades. – The Master/Apprentice model was ripe for high productivity; the “shop” concept featured highly skilled labor under the direction of a master. – These became THE most sought-after jobs/career paths and that REALLY worked when the artistic commissions started coming in The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance

15. Changes leading to the Renaissance: ALL of the ARTS – as well as the rest of the needed preparations for the SCIENCES (toward the scientific revolution). Esp: – Linear and atmospheric perspective Brunelleschi – Chiaroscuro (light and shade) Masaccio – Perspectivism combined with humanistic and rhetorical thought Alberti – The importance of point of view and return to classical balance and elegance and nobility