1. Analyzing Data Chapter 2

2. KEY TERMS Qualitative measurement – a measurement that gives descriptive nonnumerical results. (Qualities)‏ Quantitative measurement – a measurement that gives definite, usually numerical results. (Quantities)‏

3. Qualitative or Quantitative? The product was a white powder 760 mL of Acetone was added to the flask The test tube smelled like rotten eggs

4. Units Systeme Internationale d’Unites (SI) Base Units and SI Prefixes –A defined unit in a system of measurement that is based on an object or event in the physical world is called a base unit. time, length, mass, temperature

5. Temperature degree of hotness or coldness Kelvin Scale – the SI scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K 0K is absolute zero. K = o C + 273 o C = K - 273

6. Practice Convert 25˚C to K Convert 313 K to ˚C

7. Derived Units Derived units are combinations of base units. –Volume –Density

8. Density Density = mass/volume If a sample of aluminum has a mass of 13.5g and a volume of 5.0 cm 3, what is its density? 2.7 g/cm 3

9. Density: On your own What is the volume of a sample that has a mass of 20 g and a density of 4 g/mL?

10. Density vs. Mass A large metal weight would be both dense and heavy.

11. Density vs. Mass A single balloon would be neither dense nor heavy.

12. Density vs. Mass A small metal weight would be dense, but not particularly heavy

13. Density vs. Mass Enough balloons will be heavy, but still aren't dense.

14. 2.2 Scientific Notation A way to express very large or very small numbers efficiently Numbers are written as a coefficient and 10 raised to a power 36,000 is written as 3.6 x 10 4 0.0081 is written as 8.1 x 10 -3

15. Try some examples… 4000 4.0 x 10 3 0.00039 3.9 x 10 -4

16. Addition and Subtraction

17. Multiplication and Division

18. Conversion Factors A ratio of equivalent measurements, such as 100cm/1m, is called a conversion factor. One of the best approaches to problem solving is dimensional analysis. Dimensional analysis is a way to solve problems using units of the measurements.

19. Conversion Factors How many meters are in 48 km? Conversion factor is: 1 km = 1000m 48 000 meters

20. UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTS Accuracy describes how close a measurement comes to the true value. Precision is how close a series of measurements are to one another.

21. Uncertainty Accurate, Precise, Neither, or Both?

22. Uncertainty Accurate, Precise, Neither, or Both?

23. Uncertainty Accurate, Precise, Neither, or Both?

24. Uncertainty Accurate, Precise, Neither, or Both?

25. Accepted versus Experimental The accepted value is the correct or “true” value of something. The experimental value is the value measured in the lab.

26. ERROR Error = accepted value minus experimental value Percent error = absolute value of error divided by accepted value, multiplied by 100%

27. Error Example A student tested the lab balance by taking the mass of an object known to weigh 50.0g. The student measured the mass to be 48.5g. What was the percent error in this measurement? 3.00%

28. Significant Figures every nonzero digit is significant (1-9) zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant Trailing zeros in a number are significant ONLY if the number contains a decimal point. zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are significant zeros at the rightmost end of a measurement that lie to the left of an understood decimal are not significant (placeholders)

29. The Arrow Method If the number does NOT have a decimal in it… –Shoot an arrow from right to left  870000 If the number has a decimal in it… –Shoot an arrow from left to right  0.00404

30. SigFig Examples How many significant digits are in: 305.0? 107,800? 23? 0.0005?

31. Representing Data Graphs –Types –Slope –Interpreting Interpolation and Extrapolation