2. I. Disease

3. Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

4. Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

5. Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

6. Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

7. Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Parasites: One organism (the parasite) is feeding and living on or in another (the host) Examples: fungus,protists, animals, plants Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

8. Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Parasites: One organism (the parasite) is feeding and living on or in another (the host) Examples: fungus,protists, animals, plants Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

11.  Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.

12.  Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.

13.  Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.  Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease Not this type of immunity!!

14.  Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease  Antigen – molecule on a pathogen that identifies what it is

15.  Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease  Antigen – molecule on a pathogen that identifies what it is  Antibodies– protein made by WBCs for a specific antigen

16. *NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity

17. *NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells.

18. *NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced

19. *NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization 3. Disposal Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced 3. Disposal – antibodies destroy pathogen

20. *NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization 3. Disposal 4. Immunity Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced 3. Disposal – antibodies destroy pathogen 4. Immunity – some antibodies remain for future use.

21. White Blood Cell Chasing Bacteria…

22. C. Vaccines II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

23. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

24. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

25. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

26. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  Vaccination – giving vaccine by injection or mouth. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

27. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  The vaccine starts the immune system’s reaction, as if the real pathogen is entering the body. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

28. C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  Vaccination – giving vaccine by injection or mouth.  The vaccine starts the immune system’s reaction, as if the real pathogen is entering the body.  The body is left with the antibodies to fight the disease. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

29. Important Scientists! Edward Jenner – 1798 - developed the first vaccine – for smallpox  used LIVE virus

30. Important Scientists! Edward Jenner Edward Jenner – 1798 - developed the first vaccine – for smallpox  Used a LIVE virus Jonas Salk Jonas Salk -1955 – developed the vaccine for polio using a weakened virus

31. III. Viruses

32.  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them

33. III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism

34. III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism  Made up of a DNA or RNA core covered with protein

35. III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism  Made up of a DNA or RNA core covered with protein

36. III. Viruses

37. A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells.

38. III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing

39. III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell

40. III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell.

41. III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. 3. Copy The virus uses the cell’s energy to make copies of itself.

42. III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. 3. Copy The virus uses the cell’s energy to make copies of itself. 4. Release The host cell bursts and all of the viruses attach to new cells and repeat the process

43. III. Viruses

44. B. Latent Virus – not active

45. III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away

46. III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells.

47. III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells. Example: Cold Sores

48. III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells. Example: Cold Sores

49. 1. Gene therapy- doctors attempt to use viruses to “fix” defective hereditary material. a. Alzheimer’s b. Help to prevent genetic disorders (birth defects).

50. III. Viruses

51. C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses

52. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

53. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA

54. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself

55. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change

56. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus

57. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid)

58. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA

59. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms.

60. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms. Difficult to make vaccines for because they are always changing.

61. III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms. Difficult to make vaccines for because they are always changing. Examples: Cold virus, Flu virus, HIV

62. III. Viruses

63. IV. Pathogenic Organisms

65. IV. Pathogenic “Organisms” Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells

66. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus

67. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease

68. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons

69. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls

70. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls Examples of bacterial pathogens: Strep throat, tetanus, plague, typhoid fever Strep Throat Tetanus Typhoid Fever

71. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls Examples of bacterial pathogens: Strep throat, tetanus, plague, typhoid fever

73. Bacteria are EVERYWHERE!

74. …even your cell phone…

75. IV. Pathogenic Organisms

76. Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria.

77. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses

78. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin

79. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat.

80. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat. Milk, other dairy, and many juices are pasteurized

81. IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat. Milk, other dairy, and many juices are pasteurized

82. Key Terms about bacteria  Bacteria – single celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus; prokaryotes  Bacteria – single celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus; prokaryotes – (you have this definition already)  Flagellum – a long whip-like structure that helps a cell to move  Asexual reproduction – reproductive process involving only one parent, produces offspring identical to the parent

83. Key Terms  Binary fission – Form of asexual reproduction when a cell divides to form two identical cells  Sexual Reproduction – Two parents combine their genetic material to produce a new organism which differs from both parents  Conjugation – one bacterium transfers some genetic material to another through a threadlike bridge.

84. Key Terms  Pasteurization – food is heated to a temperature high enough to killmost harmful bacteria  Decomposers – they break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals

86. IV. Pathogenic Organisms

87. B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms

88. IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria

89. IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue

90. IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue Examples: Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm Athlete’s Foot Ringworm

91. IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue Examples: Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm