1. Photojournalism History

2. Mathew Brady: The American Civil War The beginnings of photojournalism occurred in the middle of the nineteenth century: photographers documented the U.S. American-Mexican war in the 1840s; James Robertson and Felice Beato (England) photographed uprisings in India and China in the 1850s and 1860s, while Roger Fenton (England) covered the Crimean war in 1855 and Francis Frith (England) visited the Nile in 1856. Mathew Brady (USA)--with the aid of Alexander Gardner and George N. Barnard, among others--produced Civil War images in the United States between 1862 and 1864, and Jimmy Hare (USA) began working as a staff photographer for the Illustrated American in 1889.

3. HALFTONE The invention of the halftone was a technical and artistic miracle. Ink, which previously had been applied in solid sheets, could now be printed in tiny dots that the eye perceived as shades of gray. The result was an illusion of dimension that made the printed photograph possible and changed the way the world communicates. Key technological developments Many believe the first photo printed using a halftone was in the Daily Graphic in 1873. The rise of photojournalism parallels the technological, social, and economic developments of the times. Technological innovations included the perfection of printing techniques to reproduce photographic images (halftones)--beginning with the New York Daily Graphic (USA), 1873, or Le Journal Illustre (France), 1886, although the U.S. press did not use halftones regularly until 1897.

4. Key technological developments ROLL FILM 1889 George Eastman revolutionizes photography by separating picture taking from the darkroom, with the first roll-film camera.

5. Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives The photographer as an agent for social change

6. Lewis Hine Children at Work

7. Key technological developments ROTOGRAVURE PRINTING PROCESS In 1914, The New York Times began publishing the first Sunday rotogravure section. The process usually used dark sepia ink, offering a cheap printing process that could print 16 pages simultaneously-- and an unlimited number of screened photos.

8. The Hindenburg Disaster 1937 1935 Associated Press begins transmitting images via wire

9. Key technological developments SMALL CAMERAS 1913/1914 first 35mm still camera developed. This, along with increased light sensitive film and faster shutter speeds, this made photography a far more portable endeavor. The introduction of the 35 mm Leica camera in the 1930’s made it possible for photographers to move with the action, taking shots of events as they are unfolding.

10. Robert Capa Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spanish Civil War

11. Henri Cartier-Bresson “The Decisive Moment”

12. In 1947, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and David Seymour start the photographer-owned Magnum picture agency.

13. Dorothea Lange THE GREAT DEPRESSION & THE FSA The U.S. government turned to documentary photographers for help fighting the Depression. The Farm Security Administration enlisted photographers to document their activities and the lives and situations of the dust bowl farmers. Walker Evans is one of the first photographers to be hired for this purpose. Dorothea Lange followed, moved by the poverty and breadlines she saw outside her San Francisco studio.

14. Walker Evans Let Us Now Praise Famous Men

15. Walker Evans Street Photography

16. Key technological developments PORTABLE LIGHT SOURCES In 1927, General Electric introduces the first modern flash bulb. In the late 1880s it was discovered that magnesium powder, if mixed with an oxidising agent such as potassium chlorate, would ignite with very little persuasion. This led to the introduction of flash powder. It would be spread on a metal dish the flash powder would be set of by percussion - sparks from a flint wheel, electrical fuse or just by applying a taper. However the explosive flashpowder could be quite dangerous. Jacob Riis, working during this period, twice managed to set the places he was photographing on fire.

17. Weegee The Naked City

18. Margaret Bourke-White 1936 The first issue of Life Magazine appears on newsstands (a publication designed to harness the optical consciousness of the time). This magazine differed from past photography magazines in how the photos were carefully chosen and sequenced by the editors.

19. W. Eugene Smith Master of the Photo Essay

21. Sports Illustrated hits newsstands, August 1954. 1954 Kodak introduces high speed Tri-X film. Key technological developments

22. National Geographic publishes its first all-color issue in February, 1962. 1936 Transparency, or “slide” film first used. 1941 Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film. Key technological developments COLOR FILM

23. Gordon Parks "Those people who want to use a camera should have something in mind, there's something they want to show, something they want to say... I picked up a camera because it was my choice of weapons against what I hated most about the universe: racism, intolerance, poverty.” - Gordon Parks-

24. Robert Frank The Americans In 1955, Frank travels the US on a Guggenheim scholarship to photograph post- war America. He documents outings, parades, automobiles, filling stations, billboards, roadside bars, the lonely desert highway. The images are bleak, showing very little to celebrate. Frank wanted to create images that reflected stark realism however unpleasant or uncommon.The result was The Americans, a milestone in the history of photography.

25. 1960s Diane Arbus begins photographing portraits of freaks and people from the fringes of society. This work was recognized in the 1970s as work representing the new documentary style.

26. Garry Winogrand Man in the Street

28. The Vietnam War

29. Larry Burrows was the first important photographer to photograph an entire war in color (as he photographed the Vietnam war).

30. Bruce Davidson East 100th Street

31. Bruce Davidson spent two years photographing in the apartments, on the streets, and in the lives of the people of East Harlem. He focused on the iconography that defined people living in poverty.

32. Mary Ellen Mark "Mary Ellen Mark's photographs reveal her ability to convey with powerful insight the drama, the magic, and the tragedy of her subject's lives.” — Anne Havinga, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

33. Richard Avedon In the American West

34. AUTOMATIC CAMERAS 1978 Konica introduces first point-and-shoot, autofocus camera. Key technological developments

35. Salgado works on long term, self assigned projects, many of which have been published as books: The Other Americas, Sahel, Workers, and Migrations. The latter two are mammoth collections with hundreds of images each from all around the world. Sebastiao Salgado

36. 1984 Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still camera. 1985 Pixar introduces digital imaging processor.

37. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY The introduction of digital cameras has greatly augmented the capacity for reporting up-to-the-minute news from around the world. Not limited by exposures on a roll of film, digital chips can store up to a thousand images, and are less sensitive to airport x-rays and exposure to light. With a wireless internet connection, a photojournalist can send images from the field to his or her editor within seconds of their initial capture. As a medium, the digital photograph has opened up new venues for gathering news, from small, self-published newsletters, to the online blog. Key technological developments

38. 1990 Adobe releases Photoshop 1.0, an image manipulation program for Apple Macintosh computers. Key technological developments

39. James Nachtwey "I have been a witness, and these pictures are my testimony. The events I have recorded should not be forgotten and must not be repeated.” -James Nachtwey-

40. Steve Ludlum New York Times

41. Don Bartletti Enrique’s Journey. L.A. Times, 2003

42. Carolyn Cole Rape Victims in Darfur, Sudan L.A. Times, 2004