1. Cell Structures and Their Functions

2. Cell Structure Highly Organized Highly Organized. Specialized structures called organelles in a jelly like substance called cytoplasm Amount and type of organelles is related to function Amount and type of organelles is related to function

3. Functions of the Cell Basic Unit of Life -smallest part that still retains characteristics of life Basic Unit of Life -smallest part that still retains characteristics of life Protection And Support – cells secrete substances that provide Protection And Support – cells secrete substances that provide Movement- occurs because of molecules that are located in specific cells e.g. muscle cells Movement- occurs because of molecules that are located in specific cells e.g. muscle cells Communication-cells receive information that allow them to communicate with each other eg nerves cell tells muscle cells to contract Communication-cells receive information that allow them to communicate with each other eg nerves cell tells muscle cells to contract Cell metabolism and energy release- all the chemical reactions that occur within the cell Cell metabolism and energy release- all the chemical reactions that occur within the cell Inheritance – each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual Inheritance – each cell contains a copy of the genetic information of the individual

4. The Organelles The Nucleus The Nucleus Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton The Cell Membrane The Cell Membrane Nucleoli and Ribosomes Nucleoli and Ribosomes Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus Secretory Vesicles Secretory Vesicles Lysosomes and Peroxiisomes Lysosomes and Peroxiisomes Mitochondria Mitochondria Centrioles Centrioles Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli

6. Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipid Bilayer Protection and Transport Protection and Transport Types of Transport Types of Transport --Active ( requires ATP) --Active ( requires ATP) --Passive --Passive

7. Nucleus Contains the genetic material of cell (DNA) Contains the genetic material of cell (DNA) Located near the center of the cell Located near the center of the cell Some cells lose their nucleus as they mature, some have more than one nucleus bone cells Some cells lose their nucleus as they mature, some have more than one nucleus bone cells Nuclear envelop (outer and inner membranes and nuclear pores) Nuclear envelop (outer and inner membranes and nuclear pores) Contains loosely coiled fibers called chromatin consisting of DNA When a cell divides the chromatin becomes more tightly coiled to form the 23 pairs of chromosomes Contains loosely coiled fibers called chromatin consisting of DNA When a cell divides the chromatin becomes more tightly coiled to form the 23 pairs of chromosomes

8. DNA and RNA DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine plus the sugar deoxyribose DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine plus the sugar deoxyribose RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil plus the sugar ribose. RNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil plus the sugar ribose. Remember there are 64 sets of codons (a codon is 3 base pairs) that encode for only 20 amino acids Remember there are 64 sets of codons (a codon is 3 base pairs) that encode for only 20 amino acids

9. RNA mRNA mRNA t RNA t RNA r RNA r RNA

10. Nucleoli and Ribosomes Nucleoli- are rounded dense well defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membranes Nucleoli- are rounded dense well defined nuclear bodies with no surrounding membranes Ribosome's- are the organelles where proteins are produced Ribosome's- are the organelles where proteins are produced -may be free -attached to the endoplasmic reticulum -may be free -attached to the endoplasmic reticulum -made in the nucleus -made in the nucleus

11. Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm The ER is a series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm Rough ER has ribosomes attached indicting that it is synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from the cell Rough ER has ribosomes attached indicting that it is synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from the cell

12. Protein Synthesis Transcription Transcription Translation Translation

13. Protein Synthesis DNA in nucleus is Transcribed to mRNA DNA in nucleus is Transcribed to mRNA mRNA is translated at the level of the ribosomal subunits where the codons are read and translated into amino acids mRNA is translated at the level of the ribosomal subunits where the codons are read and translated into amino acids The amino acids form peptide bonds to create one larger protein The amino acids form peptide bonds to create one larger protein

15. The Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus- closely packed stacks of curved membrane –bound sacs. Golgi Apparatus- closely packed stacks of curved membrane –bound sacs. Its function is to collect modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids manufactured by the Endoplasmic Reticulum Its function is to collect modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids manufactured by the Endoplasmic Reticulum May also chemically modify the proteins by attaching carbohydrates or lipids to them May also chemically modify the proteins by attaching carbohydrates or lipids to them Found in great number in cells tat make a great deal of protein e.g. pancreas Found in great number in cells tat make a great deal of protein e.g. pancreas

16. Secretory Vesicles a vesicle is a small membrane bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells a vesicle is a small membrane bound sac that transports or stores materials within cells Secretory vesicles – pinch off from the golgi apparatus and move to the surface of the cell. Their membranes fuse with the cell membrane and release contents to the exterior of the cell Secretory vesicles – pinch off from the golgi apparatus and move to the surface of the cell. Their membranes fuse with the cell membrane and release contents to the exterior of the cell

17. Lysosomes and Peroximes Lysosomes are membrane bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus. They contain a variety of enzymes that functions as intracellular digestive systems Lysosomes are membrane bound vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus. They contain a variety of enzymes that functions as intracellular digestive systems Peroxisomes small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes small membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide.

19. Mitochondria Mitochondria- small bean shaped, long threadlike organelles that has inner and outer membranes separated by a space. The outer membranes have a smooth core but the inner membrane has numerous folds called cristae Mitochondria- small bean shaped, long threadlike organelles that has inner and outer membranes separated by a space. The outer membranes have a smooth core but the inner membrane has numerous folds called cristae Site of ATP production within the cells and carry out aerobic respiration. Site of ATP production within the cells and carry out aerobic respiration.

21. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton- consists of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place and enable the cell to change shape. Cytoskeleton- consists of proteins that support the cell, hold organelles in place and enable the cell to change shape.

22. Elements of Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microtubules Microfilaments Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Intermediate filaments

24. Centrioles Centosome- a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that is the center of microtubule formation. Centosome- a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that is the center of microtubule formation. It contains the centrioles normally oriented perpendicular to each other It contains the centrioles normally oriented perpendicular to each other Shaped like a cylinder and has nine triplets, each consisting of three parallel microtubules joined together. Shaped like a cylinder and has nine triplets, each consisting of three parallel microtubules joined together.