1. The Protestant Reformation 1517

2. Christianity Founding of the faith World Jesus was born into Religions of the time Teachings of Jesus Death and meaning of Jesus Peter and Paul Scriptures and Holy Texts Spread and growth Early Christian communities Christians and Pagans Church and Byzantine emperors Constantine (312 C.E.) and Theodisus (380 C.E.) Council of Nicea (318-325 C.E.) The Great Schism 1054 Petrine Doctrine 1075

3. Christianity - key beliefs Jesus as messiah – the ‘christ’ Sacraments – actions that must be taken in order to achieve salvation – Roman Catholic Church has 7 sacraments baptismcommunionconfirmation confessionmarriagelast rites holy orders good works evangelical mission

4. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16 c Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

5. Diet of Worms, 1521 Martin Luther: “Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason... my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.” Holy Roman Emperor Charles V: “Namely, that a man like the said Luther, already condemned and still persisting in his obstinate perversity, separated from the way of life of Christians, and a notorious heretic, should not be listened to nor questioned, according to the law, in order to prevent every opportunity for those who favor the said Luther and his errors to do evil. “

6. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545

7. Social & Political Background Three groups contributed to the religious upheaval of the 16 th century: 1.The laboring poor – Protest both religious and social – Peasant rebellions – Anabaptists 2.The urban middle classes especially in autonomous cities – Protest: religious, economic, political – Rising trade and wealth with new world – Calvin 3. Kings and ruling princes – Protest: political and economic – Peace of Augsburg and Treaty of Westphalia – Lutheran and Anglican

8. Causes of the Reformation?  Philip IV of France v. Pope Boniface VIII – 1296-1303  Church corruption – simony, pluralism, absenteeism  Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity)  Conciliarism  Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace] Attacked papal authority The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!  Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy  Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land  Papal need for money  indulgences  Printing Press

10. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 th century Why the Germanies? political economic social other?

11. -95 Theses -Diet of Worms -Frederick of Saxony

12. The Peasant Revolts - 1525 -The Twelve Articles of Faith -Letter to the Christian Princes What were causes of revolts? What were the demands of the peasants? What was the response?

13. Calvin’s World in the 16 th century -Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) -predestination -John Knox - Presbyterians

14. Protestant – Huguenot Churches in France Late 16 th Century Why was Calvinism so popular in France? Why would the French monarchy see Calvinism as a threat?

15. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) The Anabaptists – the radicals of the Reformation -Thomas Münzer (1489-1525) -John of Leyden (1509-1536) -Menno Simons – the Mennonites (1492-1559)

16. The Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) 1545-1563 Real reform driven by Protestant reformation – Designed to eliminate Protestantism Council of Trent (1545-1563) – reaffirms traditional Catholic teachings that rejects Protestant assertion of the supremacy of the Bible Sacraments – Communion (transubstantiation) Good works papal authority reaffirmed for all doctrinal and administrative decisions (papal bulls) founding of new holy orders directly controlled by pope and for combatting Protestantism through missionary work and education – The Jesuits – Ignatius Loyola ‘counter’ measures to fight protestants – reform popes such as Paul III (1534-49) – Jesuits – Index of Prohibited Books – inquisition

17. Reformation Europe (late 16 th century) What was importance of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555? How were the English Reformation and the creation of the Anglican Church different from the other protestant movements?

18. Luther and Calvin For each document: – identify the context – Describe Luther or Calvin’s point of view on: political authority – who should have power? How should they use their power? Who should be subject to that power? social order – What kind of social hierarchy should exist? What does that hierarchy look like? What are the roles of different groups or individuals within the community/society?

19. Essential Questions Identify and explain who benefited the most from the Reformation. – Groups of people – Individual – Nation-state Identify and explain who benefited the least from the Reformation. – Groups of people – Individual – Nation-state Assess the extent to which the Reformation was a religious movement.