1. GREEK VS. RENAISSANCE EVOLUTION OF THEATER

2. GREEK THEATER (FROM 7 TH CENTURY B.C.) Created to celebrate religious festivals in honor of Dionysus (a fertility god). Chorus chanted lines from an “orchestra” as opposed to on a raised platform. Masks used to allow the actors to play more than one character and to portray desired emotion. High-soled boots added height but limited movement. Amphitheater built into a hillside, sometimes seated 20,000 people.

3. GREEK THEATER CONT. MasksChorus “Masks”. Online Image. 14 April 2015. <http://www.maskdesign.net/wp- content/uploads/2012/02/Greek-Theater-Masks.jpg>. “Chorus”. Online Image. 14 April 2015. <http://www.wou.edu/~aarndt08/myweb /Chorus.html>.

4. STRUCTURE OF GREEK THEATER “Greek Theater”. Online Image. 14 April 2015. <http://archive.news.softpedia.com/news/The-Mystery-of-Modern-Acoustic-in-Ancient-Greek- Theatre-Solved-51278.shtml>.

5. GREEK THEATER CONT. Greek tragedies based on popular myths. Characters struggle against hostile forces ending in defeat and ultimately death. A series of dramatic episodes separated by choral odes (mini-songs). Originally, rarely more than three actors on stage (chorus). Hundreds of Greek tragedies written. Fewer than 35 remain.

6. CHORAL ODES (INTERLUDES) Delivered in dithyrambs (homage to Dionysus) 2 parts: Strophe: “turn” or 1 st side of argument. Dance right to left. Antistrophe: “turn back” or 2 nd side of argument. Dance left to right. (Think point and counter-point) Epode: “after song”. Not always included. Typically in different meter. Strophe and antistrophe unite. Two opposing sides often make the correct decision difficult for the audience to discern. Example of ChorusExample of Chorus (Antistrophe at 1:10)

7. GREEK THEATER: KEY CONTRIBUTORS Thespis (534 B.C): created the first “actor” who broke away from the chorus and would speak to the chorus as an individual character. This is why actors are also known as “Thespians”. Aeschylus: introduced the idea of using a second and third actor which allowed for interaction between characters. Sophocles: used chorus less to create more dialogue between characters. Euripides: introduced naturalism and psychology including exploring the portrayal of women.

8. RENAISSANCE THEATER Renaissance=Rebirth (classical arts, literature, etc.) 16th Century, England’s government swung back and forth from Catholicism to Protestantism. Plays written in Latin supported the Catholic Church. Revival of Greek plays were associated with Protestantism. Depending on who was in power at the time, a playwright could be put to death for reviving the “wrong” play.

9. FORMS OF RENAISSANCE DRAMA TRAGEDY: begin in relative peace, then lead to the downfall of a prominent figure. COMEDY: begin with disorder/conflict, then lead to happiness (often marriage) through unrealistic circumstances. PASTORAL: a love story, featuring romanticized characters such as shepherds and shepherdesses, nymphs and satyrs, in an idealized rural setting. HISTORIES: Focused on prevalent ruling families from history and historic feuds for power.

10. THE GLOBE THEATRE WHERE SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYS WERE PRESENTED Circular or octagonal structures Circular or octagonal structures Three stories with an open roof Three stories with an open roof Raised platform stage surrounded by the audience on the three sides Raised platform stage surrounded by the audience on the three sides All classes represented in audience (affordable) All classes represented in audience (affordable)

11. THE GLOBE

12. FLAGS FLYING ATOP A THEATRE Signified a play was being performed Signified a play was being performed White= comedy White= comedy Black= tragedy Black= tragedy Red= history Red= history “Famous London Landmarks”. Online Image. 14 April 2015. <https://www.pinterest.com/ pajudeanka/famous-london-landmarks/>.

13. RENAISSANCE METER Iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter 2 syllables to each beat, 5 beats per line 2 syllables to each beat, 5 beats per line 10 syllables in each line, stress put on the 2 nd beat 10 syllables in each line, stress put on the 2 nd beat Sonnets Sonnets Blank verse, rhymed verse, some prose (servants) Blank verse, rhymed verse, some prose (servants)

14. OFF-SHOOT OF RENAISSANCE COMEDY Commedia dell’ arte = improvisation. Originated in Italy in the 1560s. Very popular. Utilized stock characters (archetypes). Coined term “slapstick” = wooden stick used as a weapon that made a loud noise for effect. “Slapstick Characters”. Online Images. 14 April 2015. < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/ expatpicturegalleries/9254141/Punch-and-Judy-turn-350-in-pictures.html>.

15. YOUR TASK Illustrate/recreate the Greek amphitheater and actors/chorus. 1.Draw the amphitheater. 1.Carved out of hillsides and held as many as 20,000 people. 2.Small stage and stadium seating. 3.Small building behind the stage for actors to change. 2.Draw the characters/chorus. 1.Typically three characters. 2.Masks that overtly display emotion. 3.Elaborate robes consistent with social station (king vs. peasant). 4.Platform shoes to make character appear larger.