1. Chapter 5 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

2. Thinking Question #1  Why are we talking about photosynthesis?  Why is it important that you understand this process?  Why are we talking about photosynthesis?  Why is it important that you understand this process?

3. Photosynthesis: Overall Equation  Overall Equation:  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O --  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Sun gives off energy.  Green plants take in sunlight and convert it to a usable form of energy called glucose (food)  Overall Equation:  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O --  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Sun gives off energy.  Green plants take in sunlight and convert it to a usable form of energy called glucose (food)

4. Label the Diagram: Process of Photosynthesis

5. BACKGROUND Energy Use Autotrophs make their own food from sunlight. Heterotrophs need other sources of energy for food. Autotrophs make their own food from sunlight. Heterotrophs need other sources of energy for food.

6. Thinking Question #1: Label the autotrophs and heterotrophs in your diagram

7. Energy Review  Thinking Question #2: How is energy stored within a cell? How is energy released within a cell?

8. Review Cell Energy Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. When those bonds are broken energy is released. ATP is the main energy compound in living things. It Is made and used quickly (very unstable). Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. When those bonds are broken energy is released. ATP is the main energy compound in living things. It Is made and used quickly (very unstable).

9. Write the Equation: ATP ENERGY  ADP + energy + Pi = ATP  ATP = ADP + energy + Pi  ADP + energy + Pi = ATP  ATP = ADP + energy + Pi

10. Photosynthesis Overview:  Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: 1.The light dependent reactions: produces ATP energy from sunlight 1.The light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) plant uses ATP from light reaction to make glucose  Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: 1.The light dependent reactions: produces ATP energy from sunlight 1.The light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) plant uses ATP from light reaction to make glucose

11. Concept Check: Label the Key Components  Label the key components on the picture in your notes

12. Plant Structure Thinking Question #3: Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant?

13. Structure of a leaf

14. Plant cell

15. LOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis occurs specifically in palisade layer of a leaf, which as lots of chloroplast (organelle in plant cells). Chloroplasts have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Photosynthesis occurs specifically in palisade layer of a leaf, which as lots of chloroplast (organelle in plant cells). Chloroplasts have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast are flattened sacs called thylakoids or photosynthetic membranes. Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast are flattened sacs called thylakoids or photosynthetic membranes. The light dependent reactions take place inside the thylakoid. The light dependent reactions take place inside the thylakoid. The stroma is the fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids The stroma is the fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids The light independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma The light independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma Photosynthesis occurs specifically in palisade layer of a leaf, which as lots of chloroplast (organelle in plant cells). Chloroplasts have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Photosynthesis occurs specifically in palisade layer of a leaf, which as lots of chloroplast (organelle in plant cells). Chloroplasts have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast are flattened sacs called thylakoids or photosynthetic membranes. Inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast are flattened sacs called thylakoids or photosynthetic membranes. The light dependent reactions take place inside the thylakoid. The light dependent reactions take place inside the thylakoid. The stroma is the fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids The stroma is the fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids The light independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma The light independent reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma

16. Concept Check: Chloroplast  Draw in the location of the light reaction and the light independent reaction on your sketch.

17. Review Light:  White light contains a variety of colors called the visible spectrum.

18. Light Absorbing Pigments in Chloroplasts  Light absorbing pigments such as chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b are located in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast (photosystems)

19. Thinking Question #4  Why do leaves appear green?

20. Green Light Is Reflected Rule of thumb – If light is absorbed, you CAN’T see it. Green light isn‘t absorbed by either chlorophyll a or chlorophyll b, it is reflected which is why leaves appear green.

21. Photosynthesis Overview  http://highered.mheducation.com/olc /dl/120072/bio13.swf http://highered.mheducation.com/olc /dl/120072/bio13.swf  http://highered.mheducation.com/olc /dl/120072/bio13.swf http://highered.mheducation.com/olc /dl/120072/bio13.swf

22. PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS  LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 1) – converts sunlight to ATP  Key ideas: 1.Light absorption 2.Electron transport 3. Oxygen production 4. ATP formation (chemiosmosis)  LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION (Part 1) – converts sunlight to ATP  Key ideas: 1.Light absorption 2.Electron transport 3. Oxygen production 4. ATP formation (chemiosmosis)

23. Light-Dependent Reactions: #1. Light Absorption Light energy is used to create high energy (excited) electrons. Light energy hits a photosystem. Chlorophyll in the photosystem takes the energy from light and passes it to an electron, creating a HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON!!!! Light energy is used to create high energy (excited) electrons. Light energy hits a photosystem. Chlorophyll in the photosystem takes the energy from light and passes it to an electron, creating a HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON!!!!

24. Light Dependent Reactions #2. Electron Transport Chain  High-energy electrons are transferred along a chain of proteins in the membrane known as the electron transport chain.  This process is similar to an assembly line moving the electron step by step, with the electron losing energy with each step.  High-energy electrons are transferred along a chain of proteins in the membrane known as the electron transport chain.  This process is similar to an assembly line moving the electron step by step, with the electron losing energy with each step.

25. Electron Transport Chain

26. Electron Transport Continued At the end of that electron transport chain is another photosystem, complete with its own electron transport chain. The second ETC ends when the passed electron bonds with NADP+, converting it to NADPH (high energy carrier molecule). This is the first way in which part of the energy of sunlight is trapped in chemical bonds! At the end of that electron transport chain is another photosystem, complete with its own electron transport chain. The second ETC ends when the passed electron bonds with NADP+, converting it to NADPH (high energy carrier molecule). This is the first way in which part of the energy of sunlight is trapped in chemical bonds!

27. Concept Check: Electron Transport  Let’s Draw That in this diagram  Label the light, photosystem II and I, electron transport chain, electrons, NADP+ and NADPH  Let’s Draw That in this diagram  Label the light, photosystem II and I, electron transport chain, electrons, NADP+ and NADPH

28. #3. O 2 PRODUCTION Electrons needed for the first photosystem electron transport chain are supplied by water that is in the thylakoid. H 2 O  4e - + 4H + + O 2 The O 2 leaves the chloroplast and goes into the air or supplies the plant w/ needed oxygen for cellular respiration. Electrons needed for the first photosystem electron transport chain are supplied by water that is in the thylakoid. H 2 O  4e - + 4H + + O 2 The O 2 leaves the chloroplast and goes into the air or supplies the plant w/ needed oxygen for cellular respiration.

29. Concept Check: Splitting of Water  Let’s draw in water, electrons, hydrogen and oxygen to our diagram

30. #4. ATP Formation– chemiosmosis As water is split and the electrons are used for electron transport, hydrogen ions (H+) are left behind in the thylakoid membrane. Also, as electrons are being passed both ETC’s pump H + through the membrane. Inside the membrane: lots of H+ Outside the membrane: not very many H+ REMEMBER: High to low normal flow H + diffuses out, and an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane (ATP synthase) uses the energy from this diffusion to change ADP to ATP! As water is split and the electrons are used for electron transport, hydrogen ions (H+) are left behind in the thylakoid membrane. Also, as electrons are being passed both ETC’s pump H + through the membrane. Inside the membrane: lots of H+ Outside the membrane: not very many H+ REMEMBER: High to low normal flow H + diffuses out, and an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane (ATP synthase) uses the energy from this diffusion to change ADP to ATP!

31. Concept Check: ATP Formation  Let’s draw the following: 1.ATP synthase 2.The movement of H+ ions 3.ADP being transformed into ATP  Let’s draw the following: 1.ATP synthase 2.The movement of H+ ions 3.ADP being transformed into ATP

32.  http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/ photosystem_color_key.html http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/ photosystem_color_key.html  http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/ photosystem_color_key.html http://biologycorner.com/worksheets/ photosystem_color_key.html

33. Movement of Hydrogen/ATP Formation

34. ATP Synthase

35. Thinking Question #5  In your own words summarize the light dependent reactions.  What is used?  What is produced?  What is the purpose in a sentence?  In your own words summarize the light dependent reactions.  What is used?  What is produced?  What is the purpose in a sentence?

36. Summary of Light Dependent Reaction: Partner Pair Use: NADP + H 2 O ADP Produce: NADPH O 2 ATP SUMMARY: Energy from the sun is trapped in chemical bonds (ATP & NADPH) Use: NADP + H 2 O ADP Produce: NADPH O 2 ATP SUMMARY: Energy from the sun is trapped in chemical bonds (ATP & NADPH)

37. Animations  http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/pho tosynthesis/first.htm http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/pho tosynthesis/first.htm  file://localhost/ttp/Photosynthetic Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis file://localhost/ttp/Photosynthetic Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7 8utcLQrJ4&feature=BFa&list=PL7A7502 81106CD067 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7 8utcLQrJ4&feature=BFa&list=PL7A7502 81106CD067  http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/pho tosynthesis/first.htm http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/pho tosynthesis/first.htm  file://localhost/ttp/Photosynthetic Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis file://localhost/ttp/Photosynthetic Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7 8utcLQrJ4&feature=BFa&list=PL7A7502 81106CD067 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7 8utcLQrJ4&feature=BFa&list=PL7A7502 81106CD067

38. Now What?  What does the plant do with the ATP and NADPH?  It can’t store it for very long.  Plant uses ATP and NADPH to make glucose  Carbon dioxide gas is needed by the plants in this process.

39. Light-independent reactions  Melvin Calvin helped us figure this part out.  The reactions are now called the Calvin cycle or the carbon-fixation cycle.  Can occur in light or dark (for a short period of time)

40. Sugar Use up some of the ATP andNADPH Use up more of the ATP

41. Calvin Cycle: Light Independent Reactions  Requires energy products ATP/NADPH from light reaction and CO 2 from the environment.  The simple molecule CO 2 is used to make a complex organic molecule, glucose through a chemical cycle. http://www.cix.co.uk/~argus/Dreambio/ph otosynthesis/photosynthsis animation.htm http://www.cix.co.uk/~argus/Dreambio/ph otosynthesis/photosynthsis animation.htm  Requires energy products ATP/NADPH from light reaction and CO 2 from the environment.  The simple molecule CO 2 is used to make a complex organic molecule, glucose through a chemical cycle. http://www.cix.co.uk/~argus/Dreambio/ph otosynthesis/photosynthsis animation.htm http://www.cix.co.uk/~argus/Dreambio/ph otosynthesis/photosynthsis animation.htm

42. Light Independent Reaction  The light independent reactions of photosynthesis provide the raw materials to produce almost everything the plant cell needs (lipids, amino acids, nitrogen bases)  Can occur at any time in light or dark as long as ATP & NADPH are available  The light independent reactions of photosynthesis provide the raw materials to produce almost everything the plant cell needs (lipids, amino acids, nitrogen bases)  Can occur at any time in light or dark as long as ATP & NADPH are available

43. In other words,  Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide gas and water react in the presence of light to produce sugars and oxygen gas.  6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O light> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2(g)  Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide gas and water react in the presence of light to produce sugars and oxygen gas.  6CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O light> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2(g)

44. Summary of Photosynthesis: Partner Pair Concept Check CharacteristicsLight Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle Location Light Required to Occur Products Starting Materials

45. Summary of Photosynthesis CharacteristicsLight Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions) LocationIn the membranes of the thylakoids In the stroma (liquid portion of chloroplast surrounds thylakoids) Light Required to Occur YESNO ProductsATP/NADPH (Energy) & Oxygen Glucose Starting Materials Sunlight, water, ADP, NADP + CO 2, ATP/NADPH (energy)

46. Thinking Question #6  What environmental factors do you believe could affect photosynthesis?

47. Environmental impacts  The amount of photosynthesis that occurs in a plant is dependent on several environmental factors:-  Temperature (not too hot and not too cold)  Light intensity: Increase photosynthesis until its reaches saturation (max)  Amount of CO 2 gas that is available  Water

48. Leaf Cross Section

50. Dicot Monocot

52. Leek Cell Stomata

53. Photosynthesis Song  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg YPeeABoUs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg YPeeABoUs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8 u_hwwztRqI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8 u_hwwztRqI  laduebiology/fall2013 (Textbook)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg YPeeABoUs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg YPeeABoUs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8 u_hwwztRqI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8 u_hwwztRqI  laduebiology/fall2013 (Textbook)