1. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Seven: Making Decisions About Drug and Alcohol Use

2. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs  Drug = any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical or physical nature alters structure or function in the living organism  Psychoactive drug = any substance capable of altering feelings, moods, or perceptions

3. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Process Addictions  Compulsively engaging in behaviors such as gambling, shopping, gaming, sexual activity  Cause serious financial, emotional, social, and health problems

4. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Process of Addiction  Addictive behavior has three common aspects: Exposure: Introduced to the drug or behavior that is considered pleasurable Compulsion: Time, energy, and money are spent to pursue the behavior. Normal behavior has already degenerated Loss of control: Addicted people lose the ability to control their behavior and results in addiction to more than one drug or behavior

5. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Codependence  Applies to people who are close to an individual who is addicted to something  Characteristics of codependents: Focused on protecting or coping with the addict Lose their sense of identity Experience stress, often resulting in chaotic behaviors, addictions, and physical illnesses

6. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Basic Drug Terms and Concepts  Central nervous system  Routes of drug administration  Drug misuse  Drug abuse  Drug dependence

7. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Central Nervous System  Neuron: A nerve cell Axon: The portion of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses to the dendrites of adjacent neurons Dendrite: The portion of a neuron that receive electrical stimuli from adjacent neurons  Synapse: The location at which an electrical impulse from one neuron is transmitted to an adjacent neuron  Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transfer electrical impulses across the synapses between nerve cells

8. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Action of Psychoactive Drugs on the Central Nervous System

9. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drug Misuse and Abuse  Drug misuse: Inappropriate use of legal drugs intended to be medications Intentional or unintentional  Drug abuse: Any use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to health or well- being

10. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drug Dependence  Addiction/physical dependence: Compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or practice to such a degree that cessation causes severe emotional or physiological reactions Withdrawal illness: Uncomfortable response of the body as it attempts to maintain homeostasis in the absence of a drug Tolerance: An acquired reaction to a drug in which the continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects  Psychological dependence: Craving a drug for emotional reasons and to maintain a sense of well-being  Intoxication: Dysfunctional and disruptive changes in physiological and psychological functioning, mood, and cognitive processes

11. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major Classes of Psychoactive Drugs 1. Stimulants 2. Depressants 3. Hallucinogens 4. Cannabis 5. Narcotics 6. Inhalants

12. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stimulants  Key actions: Stimulate the function of the central nervous system Increased heart rate, blood pressure, brain function Feelings of energy, exhilaration  Examples: Cocaine Amphetamine Methamphetamine Caffeine Ritalin Adderall

13. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Depressants  Key actions: Slow the function of the central nervous system Reduced heart and breathing rates, blood pressure Lowered inhibitions, impaired judgment Sedation, drowsiness, loss of consciousness  Examples: Barbiturates Rohypnol Alcohol Tranquilizers GHB

14. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hallucinogens  Key actions: Altered states of feeling and perception (hallucinations, distortions of reality) Increased temperature, heart rate, blood pressure Weakness, tremors, nervousness, paranoia Synesthesia (sensation of combining of the senses)  Examples: LSD PCP Mescaline Ecstasy and designer drugs

15. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cannabis  Active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)  Key actions: Euphoria, confusion Slowed thinking and reaction time Impaired balance and coordination Cough, frequent respiratory infections  Examples: Hashish Marijuana

16. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Narcotics (Opiates)  Key actions: Relief of pain, euphoria Reduced heart rate and blood pressure Sedation, drowsiness, confusion  Natural and synthetic; derived from the Oriental poppy plant  Examples: Opium Morphine Heroin Oxycodone

17. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Inhalants  Volatile compounds  Key actions: Unpredictable, drunklike effects; aggression Euphoria Damage to respiratory and cardiovascular systems  Examples: Gasoline Glues Paint Aerosol propellants Nitrites (“laughing gas”)

18. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Combination Drug Effects  Synergistic effect = heightened or exaggerated effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs  Additive effect = combined (but not exaggerated) effect produced by concurrent use of two or more drugs  Potentiated effect = the use of one drug intensifies the effect of a second drug  Antagonistic effect = effect produced when one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a second drug

19. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Nature of Alcoholic Beverages  Ethyl alcohol or ethanol Produced through fermentation May be concentrated through distillation  Alcohol content Beer: 4% Wine: 10-14% Port, sherry: 20% Distilled liquors: 40-100%  Proof = Twice the alcohol concentration

20. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Nature of Alcoholic Beverages  Ethyl alcohol or ethanol Produced through fermentation May be concentrated through distillation  Alcohol content Beer: 4% Wine: 10-14% Port, sherry: 20% Distilled liquors: 40-100%  Proof = Twice the alcohol concentration

21. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Physiological Effects of Alcohol Consumption  Absorbed primarily in small intestine  Factors that influence absorption Strength of beverage Number of drinks consumed Speed of consumption Presence of food Degree of hydration Body chemistry Race/ethnicity Gender  Metabolized in the liver

22. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Gender and Alcohol Absorption  Women absorb more alcohol more quickly than men Less alcohol dehydrogenase Proportionately more body fat Proportionately less body water Effects of menstrual cycle

23. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)  BAC = percentage of alcohol in a measured quantity of blood  BAC rises when alcohol is consumed faster than it is metabolized by the liver BAC: 0.05% Changes in behavior BAC: 0.10% Decrease in motor function BAC: 0.25% Body starts to shut down  Alcohol poisoning= potentially fatal elevation of BAC, often resulting from heavy, rapid consumption of alcohol

24. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol Poisoning  Danger Signs Occurs after heavy drinking in a short period of time Unconsciousness, deep stupor Shock Vomiting Weak, rapid pulse Irregular breathing, pale or bluish skin

25. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Patterns of Alcohol Use  Reasons people drink Effective, affordable, legal psychoactive drug Reduced inhibitions Associated with positive events and characteristics, “good times”

26. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. College Drinking: Negative Consequences

27. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use among Persons Ages 12 or Older

28. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. How Much Alcohol Do College Students Really Drink?

29. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol Related Problems  Alcohol-related medical problems Effects of chronic use Fetal alcohol syndrome  Alcohol-related psychological problems Alcoholism (Alcohol Dependence) Alcohol abuse  Alcohol-related social problems Accidents Crime and violence Suicide  Alcohol-related family problems

30. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Effects of Alcohol Use on the Body

31. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)  Alcohol crosses the placenta and can cause birth defects in unborn children  Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Low birth weight Mental retardation Facial abnormalities Heart problems  Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) Partial expression of FAS

32. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

33. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol-Related Psychological Problems  Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) Primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental influences Tolerance, withdrawal, pattern of compulsive use Physical addiction, serious health effects  Alcohol abuse Pattern of drinking that creates personal difficulties or difficulties for other people—harmful consequences Consequences/indications  Missing classes, reduced academic performance  Blackouts  Legal problems

34. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol-Related Social Problems  Accidents Motor vehicle collisions Falls Drowning Fires and burns  Crime and Violence  Suicide

35. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Alcohol-Related Family and Relationship Problems  Alcohol and the family Dysfunctional family behaviors Associated problems  Enabling Denial  Codependence Dual addiction  Adult children of alcoholic parents  Women and alcohol—special concerns

36. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Responsible Use of Alcohol  Becoming a responsible drinker Avoid parties with heavy drinking and people who are drinking heavily Choose non-alcoholic drinks Participate with others in positive activities

37. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drug Testing  Increasingly popular prevention tool  Federal employees and contractors  Many private companies test to screen job applicants or monitor employee drug use

38. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment and Intervention  College or University health centers  Community programs  Hospital facilities  Private facilities  Inpatient vs. outpatient treatment  Self-help groups

39. © 2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Seven: Making Decisions About Drug and Alcohol Use