1. Point of View  perspective from which a story is told— who is telling the story or what biases the storyteller has  First Person  Third Person

2. First Person (P. of V.)  narrator is a character in the story (I, we)

3. Third Person (P. of V.)  narrator is NOT a character in the story (he/she)  objective—  limited omniscient—  omniscient—

4. Objective (3 rd person P. of V.)  narrator does not know what ANYONE is thinking (roving camera)

5. Limited Omniscient (3 rd person P. of V.)  narrator knows what ONE of the characters is thinking

6. Omniscient (3 rd person P. of V.)  narrator knows what EVERYONE is thinking

7. Introduction to Poetry The title of your paper should be centered on the top line. It should not be written any larger than it would be if it were on the lined portion of your paper. The subtitle (if there is one) should be centered on the next line.

8. Literary Terms Introduction to Poetry prose – all forms of writing that are not in verse form. “Regular talk” Example: If you’re reading this because you think you might be a [half-blood], my advice is: close this book right now. Believe whatever lie your mom or dad told you about your birth, and try to lead a normal life. Being a half-blood is dangerous. It’s scary. Most of the time, it gets you killed in painful, nasty ways. from The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan ALWAYS skip a line under the title!

9. poetry – type of literature in which words are carefully chosen and arranged to create certain effects. Poets use a variety of sound devices, imagery, and figurative language to express emotions and ideas. Example: Of Jonathan Chapman Two things were known That he loved apples, That he walked alone. At seventy-odd He was gnarled as could be, But ruddy and sound As a good apple tree. from “Johnny Appleseed” by Rosemary Carr Benet

10. narrative poetry – poetry that tells a story. Like fiction, a narrative poem contains characters, setting, and plot. Example: Funny thing about babies. Ma died having one, the Lindberghs said good night to one and lost it, and somebody last Saturday decided to give one away. from “Baby,” an excerpt from Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse

11. lyric poetry – a short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings. Example: in the inner city or like we call it home we think a lot about uptown and the silent nights and the houses straight as dead men and the pastel lights and we hang on to our no place happy to be alive and in the inner city or like we call it home “In the Inner City” by Lucille Clifton

12. Epic Poetry  A long narrative poem presented in “elevated” style, usually about a hero whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a nation or race.  Epics address universal concerns, such as good vs. evil, life vs. death, and sin vs. redemption.

13. line – the core unit of a poem. Line breaks may be used to create a meaningful pause or emphasis. Example: Funny thing about babies. Ma died having one, the Lindberghs said good night to one and lost it, and somebody last Saturday decided to give one away. from “Baby,” an excerpt from Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse

14. stanza – a group of two or more lines that form a unit in a poem. Stanzas in a poem may all have the same number of lines, or they may vary. Example: Of Jonathan Chapman Two things were known That he loved apples, That he walked alone. At seventy-odd He was gnarled as could be, But ruddy and sound As a good apple tree. from “Johnny Appleseed” by Rosemary Carr Benet

15. voice – a writer’s unique use of language that allows a reader to “hear” human personality in a writer’s work. Example: I’m nobody! Who are you? Are you nobody, too? Then there’s a pair of us – don’t tell! They’d banish us, you know. How dreary to be somebody! How public, like a frog To tell your name the livelong day To an admiring bog. “I’m Nobody” by Emily Dickinson

16. sound devices – uses of words for their connection to how they sound. Some common sound devices are alliteration, assonance, consonance, meter, rhyme, etc. Example: Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “ ‘Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door – Only this and nothing more.’” from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

17. Alliteration – repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words Example: Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. While I nodded nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

18. assonance – repetition of vowel sounds within non- rhyming words Example: For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore – also from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

19. Rhythm – pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. Poets use rhythm to bring out the musical quality of language, to emphasize ideas, and to create ideas. Example: Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary also from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

20. rhyme – similar or identical sounds at the end of two or more words. Rhyme that occurs within a single line is internal rhyme. Examples: Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. “Dreams” by Langston Hughes Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary also from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

21. repetition – technique in which a sound, words, phrase, or line is repeated for emphasis or unity. Example: As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “ ‘Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door – Only this and nothing more.” also from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

22. Allusion  a reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing.

23. Onomatopoeia  a word that mimics the sound it describes  (buzz, pop, hiss, meow)

24. Epiphany  a sudden insight into the reality or meaning of something—usually triggered by a simple, commonplace occurrence; a moment of revelation

25. Metaphor – a comparison of two things that are basically unlike but have some qualities in common. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not contain the word “like” or “as” Example: Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. from “Dreams” by Langston Hughes

26. Simile – a comparison of two things that are basically unlike but have some qualities in common. Unlike metaphor, a simile DOES use the word “like” or “as” Example: “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.” ― Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

27. Imagery  words or phrases that bring to mind sensory images–visual, tastes, smells, etc.

28. Personification  a figure of speech in which human traits are given to objects, animals, or ideas

29. Symbolism  the use of any object, person, place, or action that both has a meaning in itself and that stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, attitude, belief, or value  universal  contextual

31. TALA Discussion Statement AgreeDisagreeEvidence to Support Your Answer Older people give better advice than young people. Educated people are wiser than people who lack formal education. “It’s the climb.”