1. SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY
ENROLLMENT NO.
NAME
VEKARIYA KISHAN
VIRPARA DAVAL
SANGHANI VIVEK
VORA NIDHI
WALEKAR JIGNASA
MEHTA YASH
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
ROOF AND ROOF COVERING
INTRODUCTION
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD ROOF
CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS
TECHNICAL TERM
[A] PITCHED ROOFS & [B] TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS
STEEL ROOF TRUSS
ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOF
FLAT ROOFS

3. WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG
OBJECTS OF PLASTERING
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER
TYPES OF MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
METHODS OF PLASTERING
SPECIAL TYPES OF PLASTER FINISHES
SPECIAL MATERIAL USED IN PLASTERING
DEFECTS IN PLASTERING
POINTING
TYPES OF POINTING

4. WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG
PAINTING
CONSTITUTE OF A PAINT
CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD PAINT
TYPES OF PAINTS
PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACE
DEFECTS IN PAINTING

5. ROOF AND ROOF COVERINGS
A Roof may be defined as a covering material, supported on the structural member, provided over the top of the building with a view to keep out rain, snow, sun and wind and to protect the building from the adverse effects of these elements....
The structural elements may be trusses, portals, flat slab, shells, domes & beam, etc....
The roof coverings may be A.C. Sheets, G.I. Sheets, thatch, wooden shingles, tiles, slats or slab itself.
In selecting a roof for a structure , the following factors are to be considered:
Weather effects
Strength and stability
Heat insulation
Ventilation
Lighting
Sound insulation
Asthetics

6. Requirements of a good roof:
It should have adequate strength and stability to carry super imposed dead loads and live loads.
It should be well drained.
It should be water proof.
It should be fire proof.
It should have adequate thermal insulation.
It should be durable.

7. Terminology

8. Technical terms
Lean-to roof: This is simplest type of roof which slopes only in one direction.
Gable roof: This is the type of roof which slope in two directions.
Hip roof: This roof is formed by four sloping surfaces.
Deck roof: A deck roof has slopes in all four directions.
Span: It is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss.
Rise: It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall plate.
Pitch: It is the ratio of rise to span.
Ridge: It is defined as the apex line of the sloping roof.
Eaves: The lower edge of the inclined roof surface is called eaves.
Hips: It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces.
Valley: It is a reverse of hip. It is formed by the intersection of two roof surfaces marking a external angle less than 180.

9. Gable: the triangular upper part of a wall formed at the end of a pitched roof.
Verge: The edge of a gable running between the eaves and ridge.
Wall Plates: Usually 100 x 50 mm softwood timbers are fixed to the top of load bearing walls to distribute loads and provide fixings for roof timbers.
Common Rafter: These are inclined timbers fixed between wall plate and ridge which transmit live and dead loads to wall plate.
Barge board: It is a timber board used to hold the common rafter forming verge.
Purlins: These are horizontal members of wood or steel, used to support common rafter.
Hip rafter: These are the sloping rafter which form the hip of a sloped roof.
Batten: these are thin strips of wood which are nailed to the rafter for laying roofing materials.
Template: This is a square blocks of stone , placed under a beam or truss to spread the load over a large area of the wall.
Types of Roofs:
Pitched roofs / Sloping roofs.
Flat roof
Curved roof
Domes

10. Pitched roofs:
Pitched roofs are those which have the decks or surface with considerable slope for covering the building structure.
In pitched roofs, the slope of roof may vary from 1:1 or 1:3. in areas of heavy snowfall steeper slopes of 1:1.5 or 1:1 are provided to reduce the incidence of snow load on the roof.
Advantages :
These are the cheapest types of roof.
Pitched roofs are ideally suited for hill area.
These are suitable for building in coastal areas.
Self weight of pitched roof is less as compared to flat roof.
Construction is faster.
Disadvantages:
These roofs cannot be used as terrace.
Upper floors cannot be constructed over pitched roof.
It is not fire proof.
It has no insulating properties.
It is not stable against high wind velocity.
Construction is difficult.

11. Types of Pitched roofs

13. Roof coverings for Pitched roof:
Thatch covering
Shingles
Tiles
Galvanized corrugated iron sheets
A.C. sheets
Slate.
Procedure for laying A.C. Sheets:
The sheets should be laid with smooth side upward and the end marked ‘Top’ pointing upwards the ridge.
They are usually laid with an end lap of 15 cm.
The side lap for A.C. corrugated sheet should be of half corrugation and that for A.C. Trafford sheet be of one corrugation.
The hole for fixing accessories must be drilled and not punched. The hole must be drilled in the crown of the corrugation.
The diameter of the hole should be 3 mm greater than the diameter of the screw to be used.
8mmdiameter hook bolt, l-bolt, crank bolt or croach bolt are inserted in the 11mm diameter drilled holes.
Miter is necessary to avoid gaps where four sheets meet at a lap.

14. Flat roof:
A roof which is nearly flat is known as flat roof.
Advantages:
Construction and maintenance is easy.
The roof can be used as terrace.
It has better insulating properties.
It can be made fire proof.
Stable against high winds.
They do not require false ceiling.
Flat roofs are proved to be overall economical.
Disadvantages:
It cannot be used for long life span without construction of beams and columns.
The self weight of flat roof is high.
They are unsuitable for places with heavy rainfall.
It is difficult to locate and rectify leaks.
The initial cost is more
The speed of construction is slow

15. Types of flat roof
Mud terrace roofing

17. WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG
PALSTERING
The term plastering is the process of covering rough surface of walls ceilings, columns etc.. With a thin coat of plastic materials to obtain an even, smooth and surface.
The plastering on external exposed surfaces is termed as rendering..
OBJECTS OF PLASTERING....
To obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable surface.
To conceal defective workmanship and covers up and cheap quality material.
To provide a satisfactory base for decorating the surface by white washing, colour washing, distempering or painting.
External plastering known as rendering is done to protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain water & other atmospheric agencies.

18. Requirements of good plaster..
It should be hard & durable.
It should possess proper workability.
It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.
It should protect the external surfaces from rain water.
It should be cheap.
Types of mortars for plastering...
Mortar.....
A mortar is a homogeneous plastic mixture, obtained by process of uniform mixing of binding material, fine aggregates, water to make a paste of required consistency & used to bind a masonry unit.
The various types of mortars used for plastering are as follows:
Lime mortar
Cement mortar
Lime cement mortar

19. Lime mortar: The mortar used for lime plaster is prepared by mixing lime & sand in the proportion of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:4...
Cement lime mortar: The mortar used for cement plaster is prepared by mixing cement & sand in the proportion of 1:4 to 1:6.
Cement lime mortar: The proportion used for cement lime plaster may vary from 1:1:6 to 1:2:9...
Methods of plastering...
Preparation of background:
The preparation of background for plastering is very important, as the durability of plaster depends upon its adhesion with the background.
Lime plaster:
One coat plaster
Three coat plaster
Second coat
Third coat or finishing coat

20. Cement plaster & cement lime plaster:
One coat plaster
Two coat plaster
Two coat sand faced plaster
Three coat plaster
Plaster on lath
Stucco plastering:
Stucco for interior walls
Stucco for exterior walls
Special types of plaster finishes:
The plastered surfaces may be finished in various forms. The various types of finishing treatments adopted for external surfaces are as follows:
Smooth cast
Rough cast
Pebble dash
Scrapped finish
textured finish

21. Special materials used in plastering:
The special material used in plastering are as follows...
Plaster of pairs
Keene’s cement
Acoustical plaster
Barium plaster
Asbestos marble plaster
Granite silicon plaster
Snowcrete and colourcrete cements
Defects in plastering:
Cracking
Blistering of plaster
Efflorescence
Falling out of plaster
Popping
Rust stains

22. POINTING:
Pointing is the process of filling the masonry joints with the mortar of slightly richer mix.
In exposed masonry , the rain water may enter through the mortar joints. Therefore the mortar joints in masonry are raked out to a depth of 13 mm & then it is filled with rich mortar.
MORTAR:
The pointing may be done by using different types of mortars:
The mortar for lime pointing may be done with lime mortar(1:2), where 1 part lime & 2 part of sand or surkhi are mixed in a grinding mill.
The mortar for cement pointing is made with CM by mixing 1 part cement & 3 part of sand.
METHOD OF POINTING:
The Mortar is pressed into the raked joints with a pointing trowel & made flush, sunk or raised according to the type of pointing required.
The pointing lines should be regular, truly horizontal & vertical. In case of random rubble masonry, where the joints are slanting, the lines should meet at or near the junctions.
The pointing should be kept wet for about a week.

23. TYPES OF POINTING:
THE various types of pointing generally used are as follow:
Flush pointing
Struck pointing
Recessed pointing
Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing
Beaded pointing
V-grooved pointing
Weathered pointing
Tuck pointing

25. PAINTING: PAINT & PAINTTING:
The paints are the liquid composition of pigments & organic-binders, when applied on timber, metal & plastered surfaces, on drying, forms a thin film to provide a decorative finish & protection o the painted surface.
The paints may preserve wooden structures against warping, checking or decay.
Painting on masonry & concrete surfaces may resist checking & disintegration, which increase the life of structure.
Painting on metal surfaces at suitable intervals may prevent the metal surfaces from corrosion.
CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT:
The various constituents of a paint are as follow:
A base
A colouring pigment
A binder or a vehicle
A solvent or thinner
A drier

26. CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD OR IDEAL PAINT:
The various characteristics of a good paint are as follows:
It should stick properly to the surface & seal the porous substrata.
It should provide adequate protection & decoration to the surface.
It should be readily available & economical to use.
It should dry rapidly.
It should not possess cracks, flakes on drying.
TYPES OF PAINTS:
Aluminium paint
Anti corrosive paints
Asbestos paints
Bituminous paints
Bronze paints
Cellulose paints
Casein paints
Cement based paints
Emulsion paints
Enamel paints
Oil paints
Plastic paints
Synthetic rubber paints
Silicates paints

27. PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES:
Painting on new woodwork
Painting old wood work
Painting iron and steel work
Painting galvanised iron work
Painting plastered surface
DEFECTS IN PAINTING:
BLISTERING
FLAKING
FADING
FLASHING
BLOOM
GRINNING
CRAWLING OR SAGGING
RUNNING
SPONIFICATION

28. GUIDANCE BY: Prof. A.P.Satashia
THANK YOU…..