1. NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholder to insert your own image. Water Turbines Jared Ramirez #79012 Edwin Herrero #84667 Armando Ramos Ramsel Jorge #54826 ME 4111-01 Prof. Eduardo Cabrera

2. Outline introduction Objective Theory Results Conclusion

3. Introduction The present experiment is designed to understand the basic operation of water turbines, type reaction and impulse, as well as its mechanism of speed control. Turbines are machines used to convert potential energy into work. Water turbine take energy from moving water.

4. Objective The objective of the present experiment is the parameterization of the operating characteristics for several kind of water turbine.

5. Theory A Turbines pass fluid through a runner having blades. The momentum of the fluid in the tangential direction is changed and so a tangential force on the runner is produced. The runner therefore rotates and performs useful work, while the fluid leaves it with reduced energy. Turbines can be classified as: Impulse turbines: have no change in static pressure across the runner. Reaction turbines: there are considerable changes in pressure energy. For any turbine the energy held by the fluid is initially in the form of pressure, i.e. a high level reservoir in a hydro-electric scheme.

6. Theory: Equations P h = ρ*g*Q*H P b = 2π * N * T T = F brake * r (pulley) Hydraulic Power Brake Power Torque Turbine Head Pump discharge flow rate

7. Theory: Equations Hydraulics Efficiency η h Mechanical Efficiency η m Friction losses in the pulley assembly η b Total Efficiency η T

8. Theory: Graph Characteristics Curves for a Water Turbine. At Constant Volume Flow Rate. Typical Brake Power vs. Turbine Speed for Throttle Vin the FM32 unit. alve and Spear Valve Control Typical Brake Power vs. Turbine Speed for Throttle Valve and Nozzle Valve Control in the FM30 unit. Hydraulic Efficiency vs. U b / V j for an Impulse Turbine.

9. Results

39. Graphs

40. Results

58. Conclusion The main difference between throttle control and nozzle control is that with nozzles, turbine efficiency can be maintained at its highest throughout the speed and brake power range. Likely, between spear valve and throttle control, the spear valve control allows for a more constantly efficient control over the speed and brake power range. All task objectives were successfully completed: characteristic curves, water turbine types, throttle/nozzle/spear control and all basic parameters; to aid the operational understanding of water turbines and how to select the appropriate turbine depending on system requirements.