1. Fukushima radioactivity and Pacific biota Nicholas Fisher*, Daniel Madigan**, and Zofia Baumann* *School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook **Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University November, 2012

2. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant March 11, 2011

3. Buesseler et al. 2011. ES&T Surface ocean concentrations from March 21 to July 31, 2011 Earthquake, Tsunami …and a failed Nuclear Power Plant

4. SAMPLING & RADIOANALYSIS smaller mixed zooplankton bigger mixed zooplankton and myctophid fish Photos by Ken Kostel Anthropogenic radioisotopes: 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 110m Ag Japan US - Hawaii US – Stony Brook Long Island

6. 131 I: 8-day half-life; after 70 days only 0.1% remaining; after 1 year 0.000000000002% remaining 127 I: stable, present at concentrations of ~ 400 nM in seawater I bioconcentrated about 10,000 times out of seawater by brown macroalgae (active uptake), but relatively little bioaccumulation in most other marine organisms Background information on radioactive iodine

7. 137 Cs: 30-year half-life; still detectable in Pacific seawater and trace levels in biota as remnants from nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific, which peaked in the 1960s (fission product) 134 Cs: 2.1-year half-life: neutron activation product, undetectable in Pacific waters and biota prior to Fukushima accident 133 Cs: stable, present at concentrations of ~40 nM in seawater Background information on radioactive cesium

8. Cesium non-essential for all organisms, generally follows K uptake pathways and tissue distributions shows low uptake in marine phytoplankton (Kds < 100) but much higher in freshwater where there are orders of magnitude lower K, Na concentrations (Kds ~10,000) modest biomagnification in marine food chains (much less than methylmercury)—high assimilation efficiencies (~70%) in fish and daily loss rates of ~2% from excretion; ~2/3 of Cs obtained from diet concentrates in muscle tissue (e.g., filet of fish)

9. TRACK OF THE CRUISE IN JUNE 2011 Buesseler et al. (PNAS 2012)

10. 134 Cs in surface water 134 Cs in biota 110m Ag in biota Buesseler et al. (PNAS 2012)

11. 137 Cs 134 Cs 110m Ag 40 K Copepods n = 17 14.8 CF = 79 17.7 CF = 71 8.4199 Large zooplankton (euphausiids, gelatinous) n = 4 11.1 CF = 16 13.7 CF = 22 17.9217 Fish n = 3 10.7 CF = 16 10.0 CF = 13 bd168 Mean concentrations (Bq kg -1 dry) in biota

12. 1:1 Data from Buesseler et al. 2012 PNAS CESIUM ISOTOPIC RATIOS IN BIOTA ~1

13. Natural Anthropogenic RANGES OF RADIOISOTOPES IN BIOTA Data from Buesseler et al. 2012 PNAS Ratio of mean natural : anthropogenic = 6 : 1 Pre-Fukushima [ 137 Cs] = 37 - 80 x 10 -3 Bq dry kg -1 Kaeriyama et al., 2008

16. Simplified movement patterns for juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (blue arrows) from Japan to the California and juvenile yellowfin tuna (yellow arrows)

17. Radionuclide concentrations Bq kg -1 dry mass SL Body mass Age 134 Cs 137 Cs 40 K 134 Cs: 137 Cs 134+137 Cs cmkg dryyears Bq kg -1 PBFT 2011 n=15 Median66.51.5 4.36.03670.6610.3 Mean66.21.5 4.06.33470.6210.3 SD3.60.20.11.41.5490.142.9 PBFT 2008 n=5 Median66.31.51.40 26601.4 Mean66.21.51.40 25801.4 SD1.20.090.0500.24300.6 YFT 2011 n=5 Median72.31.91.20 34201.2 Mean72.31.91.201.133301.1 SD2.50.20.0100.47800.3 Measured 134 Cs, 137 Cs, and the natural 40 K for post-Fukushima bluefin (PBFT 2011), pre-Fukushima bluefin (PBFT 2008), and post-Fukushima yellowfin tuna (YFT 2011)

18. Simplified movement patterns for juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (blue arrows) from Japan to the California and juvenile yellowfin tuna (yellow arrows)

19. Cesium concentrations in post-Fukushima bluefin tuna Japan safety limit: 100 Bq kg -1 wet wt (~410 Bq kg -1 dry wt) 134 Cs: 137 Cs in myctophid fish off Japan = 0.9; in plankton = 1.1; in water = 1.0

20. NO significant relationship between cesium and fish length

21. U.S. Washington DC U.K. Japan East Asia Argentina Estonia Portugal

23. Doses to human consumers (1 Sv = 100 rem = 1 joule kg -1 ) Tuna: from 134+137 Cs Tuna: from 40 K Banana: from 40 K Dental x- ray 1 flight NY to LA (cosmic rays) Consumption of: 200 g 1 banana Dose (µSv) 0.0080.1 540 Top 5% of recreational fishermen in California (µSv y -1 ) 4.761.8 = 47 bananas/y Average seafood consumer in US (µSv y -1 ) 0.9312.7 = 9.3 bananas/y Average seafood consumer in Japan (µSv y -1 ) 32.731.5 = 346 bananas/y

24. Doses to zooplankton and bluefin tuna (nGy h -1 ) (1 Gy = 100 rads = 1 joule kg -1 of tissue) 110m Ag 134 Cs 137 Cs 210 Po 40 K Natural : anthropogenic Zooplankton (near Japan) 0.761.51.81700110424 Tuna (in California) n.a.0.621.16001.3350 Tuna (near Japan) n.a.9.316.56001.323

25. Simplified migration patterns of some highly migratory species in the Pacific

26. Questions going forward 1.What is the radiocesium load of PBFT in 2012 and 2013? 2.What proportion of older, larger fish are CCS residents and what proportion are Japan migrants? 3.Do New Zealand PBFT make round trips to Japanese waters?

27. Takashi et al. 2004 1. What is the Cesium load of PBFT in 2012 and 2013?  Our 2011 data are from fish that spent ~1 month in contaminated waters  This year’s cohort spent their first year in contaminated waters  Values may be much higher Buesseler et al. 2011

28. Still a work in progress—stay tuned…. Conclusions so far: 1. 134 Cs and 137 Cs accumulate in bluefin tuna in waters off Japan and are retained by tuna during their migration across the Pacific; 2.Yellowfin tuna which are residential species show no evidence of Fukushima radioactivity; 3.Radioactivity clearly detectable in tuna in California coastal waters, but at low concentrations compared to natural radioactivity, and doses to marine biota and to human consumers are low; 4.Cs isotopes may be useful in tracing migration of some fish, mammals, turtles, birds.

29. Acknowledgements Ken Buesseler (WHOI) S. Zegers, J. George, H. Baumann (Stony Brook) Funding: Moore Foundation

31. Individual fish SL Body mass Age 137 Cs 134 Cs 40 K cmdry kgyearsBq kg -1 PBFT 2008 167.51.61.5<0.80298 2651.4 1.610266 366.51.51.41.380298 464.51.41.31.370225 5661.51.41.180202 Median661.51.4 0266 Mean65.91.51.4 0258 SD1.20.10.050.2043 YFT 2011 1691.61.21.210412 272.31.91.20.490406 374.72.11.21.400342 470.91.81.21.170247 574.72.11.21.220260 Median72.31.91.2 0342 Mean72.32.11.21.10333 SD2.50.20.010.4078 Concentrations of 134 Cs, 137 Cs, and the naturally occurring radionuclide 40 K for pre-Fukushima bluefin (PBFT 2008) and post-Fukushima yellowfin tuna (YFT 2011)

32. Bayliff 1980 2. What proportion of older, larger fish are CCS residents and what proportion are Japan migrants?  To what extent does the EPO fishery depend on Japan stocks (versus its own smaller year classes) for its larger fish?  EPO may be fishing out older year classes

33. Year Catch (×10 3 mt) Muscle biomass (×10 6 kg) 20004.23.0 20011.71.2 20022.51.8 20033.72.6 20049.06.4 20054.83.4 20069.97.0 20074.23.0 20084.53.2 20093.62.6 20107.95.6 Median4.23.0 Mean5.13.6 SD2.61.9 Pacific bluefin Thunnus orientalis catch data in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and total harvested muscle biomass in the EPO Yields mean of 3.6 million Bq (= 1 mCi) of 134+137 Cs in harvested tuna per year

34. Sampling method StationSample composition % abundance of dominant species 137 Cs 134 Cs 137 Cs 134 Cs 110m Ag 40 K 134 Cs : 137 Cs 134 Cs : 110m Ag anthropogenic : natural radioactivity ratio Bq kg -1 CFBq kg -1 Bongo nets (300 µm) 2 zooplankton mixedcopepods 500.3bd134bd1.9217bd 0.01 3706.46.2*bd1.32291.04.70.06 88014.315.19810518.33211.10.80.07 9921.2 16173.31561.00.40.04 10714.74.627266.51471.00.70.11 11613.13.929365.31261.30.70.10 12727.28.877988.71481.21.00.17 146556.445.5**0.01880.8bd0.54 17470.9bd255bd0.5195bd 0.01 196512.815.0535912.02321.2 0.17 215217.320.7788811.12251.21.90.22 22794.54.220195.11290.90.80.11 235829.131.4343621.51811.11.50.45 246512.815.528535114.01971.21.10.21 255126.229.444496.32721.14.70.23 278419.925.4273312.41941.32.00.30 297634.238.010 14.42301.12.60.38 median12.815.144366.5195 mean14.817.779718.4199 sd14.913.785906.451 Methot net (4 mm) 25scyphomedusanChrysaora sp.10011.111.919203.41971.13.50.13 19 euphausiids Euphausia pacifica 882.34.591820.61962.00.20.14 2510023.427.2394515.72141.21.70.31 29euphausiids Nematoscelis difficilis 8615.116.34411.51821.11.40.24 32 fish, shrimps, euphausiids, pyrosomatids mixed nd 3.16.892023.62782.20.30.12 median†9.111.691918.2205 mean†11.013.7162217.9217 sd†10.110.316175.342 19fish Stenobrachius leucopsarus 504.93.32013bd1440.7bd0.06 27fish Cyclothone pseudopallida, Sigmops gracile 40, 4011.411.91615bd2321.0bd0.10 29fishS. gracile6315.814.844bd1290.9bd0.24 median11.411.91613bd144 mean10.710.01311bd168 sd5.56.086bd55

35. PBFT 2011 SL (cm) Body mass (kg dry) Age (years ) 7 Be 211 Bi 212 PbTotal mBq kg -1 172.42.01.70.5nd2.5nd 264.01.31.40.454.21.456.0 360.61.11.3<0.1235.60.836.4 468.01.6 <0.1240.00.840.8 569.01.71.6<0.1254.70.254.9 669.01.71.6<0.1242.40.943.3 769.51.71.6<0.1249.31.650.9 866.51.5 <0.1238.50.939.4 958.61.01.2<0.1243.21.544.7 1066.01.5 1.149.30.951.3 1167.51.61.50.241.81.243.2 1268.51.6 14.253.01.168.3 1365.51.41.52.958.00.461.3 1463.11.31.4<0.1265.41.466.8 1565.51.41.5 59.81.4 62.7 Median66.51.5 1.149.31.151.1 Mean66.21.5 3.048.91.151.4 SD3.60.20.15.09.00.510.5 Measured concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides 7 Be, 211 Bi, and 212 Pb and for n=15 post-Fukushima Pacific bluefin tuna (PBFT 2011)

36. sample type 134 Cs 137 Cs 40 K 134 Cs : 137 Cs Bq kg -1 dry mass North - near Sendai macroalgae 7282668 0.9 1291211133 1.1 6643 1.0 1261361126 0.9 11086660 1.3 6580474 0.8 mean85 684 1.0 sd4745413 0.2 mussel5148287 1.1 South – near Iwaki macroalgae 225204301 1.1 301308288 1.0 365351340 1.0 2382341105 1.0 mean282274509 1.0 sd6467398 0.1 mussel 384371265 1.0 371398266 0.9 mean377385266 1.0 sd9191 0.1 134+137 Cs: South of Fukushima vs. North macroalgae: 3x higher mussels: 8x higher Fukushima NPP Baumann et al. in prep. RADIOACTIVITY IN COASTAL SAMPLES

37. 3. Do New Zealand PBFT make round trips to Japanese waters?  If so, they likely contribute to spawning stock