1. Sensation and Perception Sensation: your window to the world Perception: interpreting what comes in your window.

2. Transduction Transforming signals into neural impulses. Information goes from the senses to the thalamus, then to the various areas in the brain. Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Change from one form of energy to another. Click the picture to watch power placement.

3. Sensory Adaptation Decreased responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation. Do you feel your underwear all day?

4. Cocktail-party phenomenon The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations. Form of selective attention.

5. Energy v. Chemical senses Energy SensesChemical Senses

6. VisionVision Our most dominating sense. Transduction - In sensation, the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses. Phototransduction: Conversion of light energy into neural impulses that the brain can understand

7. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy Wavelength (hue/color) Intensity (brightness) Saturation (purity)

8. Wave Length (Hue) Hue (color) is the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

9. 9 Wavelength (Hue) Different wavelengths of light result in different colors. 400 nm 700 nm Long wavelengths Short wavelengths Violet IndigoBlue Green Yellow OrangeRed

10. 10 Intensity (Brightness) Intensity Amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.

11. 11 Intensity (Brightness) Blue color with varying levels of intensity. As intensity increases or decreases, blue color looks more “washed out” or “darkened.”

12. 12 Purity (Saturation) Monochromatic light added to green and red makes them less saturated. Saturated

13. Phase Two: Getting the light in the eye

14. 14 Parts of the eye 1.Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye. 2.Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light. 3.Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina. 4.Retina: Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain.

15. 15 The Lens Lens: Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina. Accommodation: The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

16. Phase Three: Transduction

17. 17 Retina Retina: The light- sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones in addition to layers of other neurons (bipolar, ganglion cells) that process visual information.

18. 18 Optic Nerve, Blind Spot & Fovea http://www.bergen.org Optic nerve: Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. This creates a blind spot. Fovea: Central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster.

19. 19 Photoreceptors E.R. Lewis, Y.Y. Zeevi, F.S Werblin, 1969

20. Transduction Continued Order is Rods/Cones to Bipolar to Ganglion to Optic Nerve. Sends info to thalamus- area called lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Then sent to cerebral cortexes. Where the optic nerves cross is called the optic chiasm.

21. Phase Four: In the Brain Goes to the Visual Cortex located in the Occipital Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex. Feature Detectors - Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement -. Parallel Processing We have specific cells that see the lines, motion, curves and other features of this turkey. These cells are called feature detectors.

22. Shape Detection Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses.

23. Parallel Processing Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously is called parallel processing. The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form and movement etc

24. Color Vision Two Major Theories

25. Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones: Red Blue Green These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors. Does not explain afterimages or color blindness well.

26. Opponent-Process theory The sensory receptors come in pairs. Red/Green Yellow/Blue Black/White If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited.

27. 27 Opponent Process Theory Hering proposed that we process four primary colors combined in pairs of red-green, blue- yellow, and black-white. Cones Retinal Ganglion Cells

28. 28 Opponent Colors Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30 Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report whether or not you see Britain's flag.

29. Afterimages

30. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/ colorblind- quiz_n_3867952.html?view=print&comm_ref =false http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/ colorblind- quiz_n_3867952.html?view=print&comm_ref =false

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fBjNYKT0 NY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fBjNYKT0 NY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syaQgmx b5i0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syaQgmx b5i0 http://www.visiondirect.co.uk/the-human-eye

32. Hearing Our auditory sense

33. We hear sound WAVES The height of the wave gives us the amplitude of the sound. The frequency of the wave gives us the pitch if the sound.

34. The Ear

35. Transduction in the ear Sound waves hit the eardrum then anvil then hammer then stirrup then oval window. Everything is just vibrating. Then the cochlea vibrates. The cochlea is lined with mucus called basilar membrane. In basilar membrane there are hair cells. When hair cells vibrate they turn vibrations into neural impulses which are called organ of Corti. Sent then to thalamus up auditory nerve. It is all about the vibrations!!!

36. Pitch Theories Place Theory and Frequency Theory

37. Place Theory Different hairs vibrate in the cochlea when they different pitches. So some hairs vibrate when they hear high and other vibrate when they hear low pitches.

38. Frequency Theory All the hairs vibrate but at different speeds.

39. Deafness Conduction Deafness Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibration on the way to the cochlea. You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help. Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness The hair cells in the cochlea get damaged. Loud noises can cause this type of deafness. NO WAY to replace the hairs. Cochlea implant is possible.

40. Touch Receptors located in our skin. Gate Control Theory of Pain

41. Taste We have bumps on our tongue called papillae. Taste buds are located on the papillae (they are actually all over the mouth). Sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

42. Vestibular Sense Tells us where our body is oriented in space. Our sense of balance. Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.

43. Kinesthetic Sense Tells us where our body parts are. Receptors located in our muscles and joints. Without the kinesthetic sense you could touch the button to make copies of your buttocks.