1. October 28, 2013 Eq- How is information from our sensory organs processed by the brain? Standard- BF 2 Table of Contents: 42. The 7 senses 43. Chapter 4 Vocabulary Agenda: 1.The Seven Senses- Chart, Story 2.Chapter 4 Vocabulary introduction

2. The Seven Senses SenseWhere it comes through Picture Sight Eyes Hearing Ears Smell Nose Taste Mouth Touch Skin Balance (vestibular) Inner Ear Body Awareness (proprioception) Muscles and Joints

3. Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception key Terms

4. 1. Sensation: the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain). Hunger

5. 2. Perception: the psychological process through which we interpret sensory stimulation. Hearing Taste Sight Touch Smell

6. 3. Absolute threshold: the weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed.

7. 4. Difference threshold: the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli.

8. 5. Signal-detection theory: a method of distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account not only their strengths but also such elements as the setting, your physical state, your mood, and your attitude.

9. 6. Sensory adaptation: the process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

11. 7. Pupil: the opening in the colored part of the eye.

12. 8. Lens: adjusts to the distance of objects by changing its thickness. 9. Retina: the sensitive surface in the eye that acts like the film in a camera.

13. 10. Photoreceptors: neurons that are sensitive to light.

14. 11. Blind spot: point where the optic nerve leaves the eye and the area that lacks photoreceptors

15. 12. Visual acuity: the sharpness of vision.

16. 13. Complementary: Colors across from each other on the color wheel or circle.

17. 14. Afterimage: a color’s complementary color. Blue – yellow, red – green, black – white Retina sensitive to red, green, or blue (rest are combinations) 15. Cochlea: a bony tube that contain fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids.

18. 16. Auditory nerve: the cranial nerve that carriers sound from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain.

19. 17. Conductive deafness: damage to the middle ear which hinders amplification (loudness) 18. Sensorineural deafness: damage to the inner ear which distorts perception of certain frequencies.

20. 19. Olfactory nerve: sends or transports odors to the brain.

21. 20. Gate theory: suggests that only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time.

22. 21. Vestibular sense: tells you whether you are physically upright without having to use your eyes. 22. Kinesthesis: the sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual body parts.

23. 23. Closure: the tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even when there are gaps in what your senses tell you.

24. 24. Proximity: nearness 25. Similarity: people see things of similar objects as belonging together.

25. 26. Continuity: people prefer to see smooth continuous patterns, not disrupted ones. 27. Common fate: assuming a group doing similar things are together and have the same purpose.

26. 28. Stroboscopic motion: the illusion of movement is produced by showing the rapid progression of images or objects that are not moving at all.

27. 29. Monocular cues: need only one eye to be perceived. 30. Binocular cues: both eyes are required to be perceived.

28. 31. Retinal disparity: a binocular cue for perceiving depth based on the difference between the two images of an object that the retina receives as the object moves closer or farther away.

30. October 30 EQ- How is info processed by our sensory organs? Table of Contents: 44. The Big 5 Chart- Imp. Ideas in Sensation Agenda : 1.Intro Activities- Visual Tests 2.Sensation Theories 3.At First Sight Standard- BF2 Sensation and Perception

37. Sensation Stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory info to the CNS Vision Heari ng Smell Taste Touc h Balance (Vestibula r) Body Awarenes s

38. Important Sensation Theories

39. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed ex: candle flame viewed at night from about 30 miles Difference Threshold Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli Two different shades of blue Sensory Adaptation Process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less stimuli to unchanging stimuli In a dark movie theater you start to see better over time; city dweller stop hearing traffic sounds Signal Detection Theory Method of distinguishing stimuli that also takes into account variable elements like setting, mood, physical state- We focus on what is important Our classroom has a buzzing sound constantly, you don’t notice it when you are working When you are annoyed the “small things” stand out to you Gate Theory Only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time If you press on a “boo boo” it hurts less Important ideas in sensation

41. Test your absolute threshold for hearing :

42. Mosquito Test http://www.freemosquitoringtone.org/

43. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed ex: candle flame viewed at night from about 30 miles Difference Threshold Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli Two different shades of blue Sensory Adaptation Process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less stimuli to unchanging stimuli In a dark movie theater you start to see better over time; city dweller stop hearing traffic sounds Signal Detection Theory Method of distinguishing stimuli that also takes into account variable elements like setting, mood, physical state- We focus on what is important Our classroom has a buzzing sound constantly, you don’t notice it when you are working When you are annoyed the “small things” stand out to you Gate Theory Only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time If you press on a “boo boo” it hurts less Important ideas in sensation

44. 50 Shad es of Red

45. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed ex: candle flame viewed at night from about 30 miles Difference Threshold Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli Two different shades of blue Sensory Adaptation Process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli In a dark movie theater you start to see better over time; city dweller stop hearing traffic sounds Signal Detection Theory Method of distinguishing stimuli that also takes into account variable elements like setting, mood, physical state- We focus on what is important Our classroom has a buzzing sound constantly, you don’t notice it when you are working When you are annoyed the “small things” stand out to you Gate Theory Only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time If you press on a “boo boo” it hurts less Important ideas in sensation

46. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed ex: candle flame viewed at night from about 30 miles Difference Threshold Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli Two different shades of blue Sensory Adaptation Process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less stimuli to unchanging stimuli In a dark movie theater you start to see better over time; city dweller stop hearing traffic sounds Signal Detection Theory The stimuli we take in also depends on things like our setting, mood, physical state- We focus on what is important at that time/in that situation When you are annoyed the “small things” stand out to you Gate Theory Only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time If you press on a “boo boo” it hurts less Important ideas in sensation

47. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed ex: candle flame viewed at night from about 30 miles Difference Threshold Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli Two different shades of blue Sensory Adaptation Process by which we become more sensitive to weak stimuli and less stimuli to unchanging stimuli In a dark movie theater you start to see better over time; city dweller stop hearing traffic sounds Signal Detection Theory The stimuli we take in also depends on things like our setting, mood, physical state- We focus on what is important at that time/in that situation When you watch a scary movie and you’re home alone, you will start to hear sounds that you normally wouldn’t notice Gate Theory Only a certain amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at a time If you press on a “boo boo” it hurts less Important ideas in sensation

48. November 3 EQ- How do our senses interact with each other to give us a complete experience? Agenda: 1.Review Sensation Theories and Sensory Deprivation 2.Sensory Deprivation Lab 3.Lab Reflection Agenda: 1.Review Sensation Theories and Sensory Deprivation 2.Sensory Deprivation Lab 3.Lab Reflection Table of Contents: 45. Sensory Deprivation Lab

49. Page 45 Visual Deprivation Lab Objective: To see the effects of sensory deprivation on the other senses and to better understand the psychological effects it may have.

50. Procedures: 1.Get your blindfold and sit with your chosen partner 2.You will need to keep time during the lab – each demonstration will be 25 minutes, with a 5 minutes rest in between to switch roles 3.Decide who will be “blind” first and who will be the “leader” “Leader” is allowed to take blind person all over the campus, BUT NO stairs are allowed, no restrooms with members of the opposite sex, no occupied classrooms, no office areas, or media center (if occupied by classes), at least 100 feet from road, stay away from cars in parking lot. 4.Every now and then, spin them around (a little) to see if they still know WHERE they are.

51. 5. IF your partner gets hurt when they are the “blind” person – you will FAIL or have to do alternate activity to receive credit 6.IF there is a drill, alarm, or emergency of any kind, lab is OVER and you are to go to the nearest class room and explain to the teacher that you need to wait with their class until event has passed. Once you return to class after event has passed, I will email teacher to confirm attendance during event.

52. 7. Think about how this lab makes you feel, BUT don’t discuss it UNTIL after we have done reflection at end of lab – we will start class when you return with discussion of “stories” you have about your experiences. 8.After first round, be back at end of 25 minutes (1 point off per minute late) – change blindfolds and start second round – another 25 minutes 9.We will finish with written reflections BEFORE discussion 11.I will also be walking around to mark off pairs as I see them – NO loitering or socializing in hallways 12.You WANT to impress administration and faculty, by trying to use this lab to better understand how your senses interact – not play around

53. Reflection My role in part 2 ____________________________________ For “Blind” 1.How did you feel after first putting on the blindfold? Did your feelings change over time? How? Why do you think that is so? 2.Were there any instances where you felt like your other senses were helping you to “see” your environment? Explain. 3.Did you trust your leader? Why or why not? For “Leader” 1.How did you feel when you first started leading your blind person around? Did your feeling change over time? How? Why? 2.How did your blind person do? Were they able to use other sensory cues to determine their location? Give specific examples. 3.What were some interesting situations that took place on your walk?

54. Lab Reflection 1.Did you enjoy this lab? Why or why not? 2.Do you feel that you gained any insight on what being blind is like? 3.Overall, how did you feel as a blind person? 4.What did this lab teach you about sensory deprivation? 5.Is there anything about your experience that I should be aware of? 6.Favorite part? 7.Least favorite part?

55. November 5 EQ- What is inattentional blindness? How does our brain “create” what we see? What is selective attention? BF2 Agenda: 1.Discuss Inattentional Blindness, Selective Attention, Change Blindness 2.Scenarios 3.Brain Games Table of Contents: 46. Other Theories Chart 47. Theories Scenarios

56. More Sensation Theories Selective Attention: our brains focus attention on particular stimuli that are of interest to us Ex: Noisy lunchroom- you still hear your friends Inattentional Blindness: Since our brains are using selective attention, we are “blind” to all of the things happening around us that we aren’t paying attention to Ex: Someone steals your purse while you are standing and talking to your friends. Change Blindness- when you are really focused on something else, you may not notice if a change is made to your environment Ex: You are focused on your homework and don’t notice that your mom changes the channel from the show you’re watching Pop-Out Phenomenon- some stimuli are so strong and different from everything else that they POP OUT at us and we notice them. Ex: Where’s Waldo

57. Which Theory? Absolute ThresholdDifference ThresholdSensory Adaptation Signal DetectionSelective AttentionInattentional Blindness Change BlindnessPop-Out Phenomenon 1.Your dog can hear the dog whistle but you can’t! 2.I was concentrating so hard on my math test that I didn’t notice when a different teacher came in and started sitting at the front of the room. 3.We easily spotted the new student in the crowded lunchroom because she was the only one not in uniform. 4.I was anxiously waiting for my mom to get home for work and I heard every noise, thinking it was the garage door opening. 5.I can tell the difference between two shades of grey, but my husband can’t. 6.You can easily pick out the sound of your friends voices as you walk down the hallway. 7.You don’t notice all of the signs for different stores as you drive down the road.

64. Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception

65. Is it Sensation or Perception? “In college, on a date at the Spaghetti Station, I returned from the bathroom and plunked myself down in the wrong booth, facing the wrong man. I remained unaware he was not my date even as my date (a stranger to me) accosted Wrong Booth Guy, and then stormed out of the Station. I can’t distinguish actors in movies and on TV. I do not recognize myself in photos or video. I can’t recognize my stepsons in the soccer pick-up line; I failed to determine which husband was mine at a party, in the mall, at the market ” This Patient has perfect 20/20 vision. Is this a sensation or a perception problem?

66. What are Sensation and Perception? Sensation-the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system, is normal. Perception- the process by which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world, is almost normal. She recognizes people from their hair, etc., but not face

67. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be distinguished from no stimulus at all – Detected 50% of the time

68. 2. Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be distinguished from no stimulus at all – Detected 50% of the time

69. Difference Threshold Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart – Detected 50% of the time Weber’s constant – Standard of difference - Light – 2% of intensity - Weight – 2% of weight - Sound – one-third of 1% change in pitch (frequency) -Taste – 20% difference in saltiness

70. Transduction & Adaptation Sensory receptors- detect and respond to one type of sensory stimuli- light, smell, etc. Transduction-the sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into neural impulses. After a time, the sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimulus- sights, smell, etc.- we notice it less & less- adaptation

72. PowerPoint created by Mrs. B-D 2007 Cornea: The cornea is a clear white covering over the outside of the eye. It helps the eye focus like a lens on a camera. Iris: The iris is the part of your eye that has color. It gets bigger and smaller to let in different amounts of light. Pupil: Black opening in the middle of the eye. Light comes through this opening. Lens : The lens bends light. This helps the eye see close up and far away things. Retina : The retina has nerve cells called rods and cones that detect light. It is in the back of your eye. Optic Nerve : The optic nerve carries electrical signals from your retina to your brain so you can see.

73. Vision Foldable Blind Spot Rods and Cones Dark and Light Adaptation Visual Acuity Color Wheel Cones and Color Afterimages Color Blindness

74. The Eye Light enters through a narrow opening – Cornea – transparent eye cover – Iris – muscle; colored part of the eye – Pupil – opening in the iris Sensitive to light and emotion

75. Vision Light Spectrum of electromagnetic energy – Vary in wavelength Human eyes can perceive only a very thin band of electromagnetic waves, known as the visible spectrum (400 – 700nanometers) Within visible light, color is determined by wavelength

76. The Visible Spectrum A Rainbow is sunlight broken down into colors by water or glass

77. The Eye Light Sensitive Surface – Retina Photoreceptors – Rods, Cones, Bipolar and ganglion cells Optic Nerve – Axons of ganglion neurons form optic nerve – Conducts sensory input to brain (occipital lobe)

78. Rods and Cones Cones – Most densely packed in center of retina (fovea) – Provide color vision, fine details Rods – Provide vision in black and white – More sensitive to dim light than cones

79. Visual Acuity Greatest in the fovea Blind spot (demonstration/handouts) – Point in retina where ganglion cells converge Nearsightedness, image in front of retina Farsightedness-behind Presbyopia

80. 11. Light Adaptation Dark adaptation – Process of adjusting to lower lighting Cones reach maximum adaptation in about 10 minutes Rods continue to adapt up to 45 minutes Adaptation to bright light – Process occurs within a minute or so

82. Perceptual Dimensions of Color Afterimage – Persistent sensations of color are followed by perception of the complementary color when the first color is removed

83. 12. Theories of Color Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones Sensitive to red, green, or blue Opponent-Process Theory Three types of color receptors Red-green, blue- yellow, and light- dark

84. 13.Color Blindness Trichromat – Normal color vision Monochromat – Totally color blind Dichromat – Partial color blindness – Discriminate between two colors (red & green, or blue &yellow) – More common in males (sex linked trait)

85. Plates from a Test for Color Blindness

86. Visual Perception Lecture 7

87. 1. Visual Perception Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes Sensation is a mechanical process Perception is an active process – Involves experience, expectations and motivations

88. 1. Visual Perception Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes Sensation is a mechanical process Perception is an active process – Involves experience, expectations and motivations

89. 1. Visual Perception Process used to organize sensory impressions caused by the light that strikes our eyes Sensation is a mechanical process Perception is an active process – Involves experience, expectations and motivations

90. 2. Perceptual Organization Figure – Ground Perception – Ambiguous, unstable figures, we shift back & forth

91. Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization

92. 3. Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization Common Fate Elements moving together are grouped together (runners) Closure Fit bits of information into familiar patterns; Perception of a complete figure, even when there are gaps in sensory information Proximity Nearness of objects Similarity Similarity of objects Continuity Series of points having unity

93. 4. Perception of Motion (mini class discussion) Visual perception of motion is based on change of position relative to other objects Illusions of movement – Stroboscopic motion (class discussion, how do we know that a train moves?)

94. 5. Depth Perception Monocular Cues – Perspective – Clearness – Overlapping – Shadows – Texture gradient – Motion parallax Binocular Cues – Retinal disparity – Convergence

95. 6. Perceptual Constancies Acquired through experience; creates stability – Size Constancy (video) – Color Constancy – Brightness Constancy – Shape Constancy

96. PLAY VIDEO Size Constancy

97. 7. Visual Illusions Hering-Hemlholtz Illusion – Perceive drawing as three-dimensional Müller-Lyer Illusion – Interpret length of lines based on experience

98. Hearing

99. November 12, 2013 EQ- How do our ear process sound? Standard- BF4 Sensation and Perception Table of Contents: 51. Chapter 4 Wordsearch 52. The Ear 53. Hearing Notes 54. Cochlear Implant Debate

101. Sound Sound waves require a medium; air or water Sound waves compress and expand molecules of the medium, creating vibrations – A single cycle of compression and expansion is one wave of sound Human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second

102. 9. Pitch and Loudness Pitch – Frequency (# of cycles per second) – Expressed in hertz (Hz) – Pitch of women’s voice is higher than men’s Loudness – Height (amplitude) of sound waves – Expressed in decibels (dB)

103. Decibel Ratings of Familiar Sounds

104. 10.The Ear Shaped and structured to – capture sound waves, – vibrate in sympathy with them, and – transmit auditory information to the brain  Three parts: outer, middle & inner ear.

105. The Human Ear Auditory Nerve Cochlea HAS (hammer anvil, stirrup)

106. 11.Parts of the Ear Outer Ear – Funnels sound waves to the eardrum Middle Ear – Eardrum, hammer, anvil and stirrup – Acts as an amplifier Inner Ear – Cochlea (3 chambers-two membrane) Filled with fluid and neurons- processes sound and sends to auditory nerve Auditory nerve- sends sound messages to the temporal lobes of cerebral cortex

107. Audition  Conduction Hearing Loss  hearing loss caused by damage to the middle ear; inability to amplify sounds  Hearing aids can help  Sensorineural (Nerve) Hearing Loss  hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea/inner ear; inability to hear certain frequencies/pitches  Cochlear implants can help if it is damage to the cochlea  Nothing yet to help damage to auditory nerve

108. http://youtu.be/0ki4qo-Dfos Cochlear Implant Debate Create a T-chart of Pros and Cons of cochlear implants.

109. 8. Sound Sound waves require a medium; air or water Sound waves compress and expand molecules of the medium, creating vibrations – A single cycle of compression and expansion is one wave of sound Human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second

110. 9. Pitch and Loudness Pitch – Frequency (# of cycles per second) – Expressed in hertz (Hz) – Pitch of women’s voice is higher than men’s Loudness – Height (amplitude) of sound waves – Expressed in decibels (dB)

111. Sound Waves of Various Frequencies and Amplitudes

112. Decibel Ratings of Familiar Sounds

113. 10.The Ear Shaped and structured to – capture sound waves, – vibrate in sympathy with them, and – transmit auditory information to the brain  Three parts: outer, middle & inner ear.

114. The Human Ear

115. 11.Parts of the Ear Outer Ear – Funnels sound waves to the eardrum Middle Ear – Eardrum, hammer, anvil and stirrup – Acts as an amplifier – Oval window – Round window-balances the pressure

116. 12. Parts of the Ear Inner Ear – Cochlea (3 chambers-two membrane) Basilar membrane Organ of Corti- commend post- 25,000 hair cells Auditory nerve- temporal lobes of cerebral cortex

117. 13. Locating Sounds Loudness and sequence in which sounds reach the ear provide cues – May turn head to clarify information – Try at home: “Virtual Barber Shop” (requires headphones to be appreciated fully). – Check it out at http://youtube.com/watch?v=IUDTlvagjJA

118. 14. Perception of Loudness and Pitch Related to number of receptor neurons on the organ of Corti – Sounds are perceived as louder when more sensory neurons fire

119. 15. Perception of Loudness and Pitch Place theory – Pitch is sensed according to place that vibrates Frequency theory – Pitch perceived on stimulation of impulses that match the frequency of the sound Both theories work together

120. 16. Deafness Conductive deafness – Damage to middle ear – Hearing aids can help Sensorineural deafness – Damage to inner ear or auditory nerve – Cochlear implants may help with damage to inner ear, but not auditory nerve

121. The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

122. Smell Odors trigger receptor neurons in olfactory membrane – Odors are sample molecules of substances in the air Sensory information about odors is sent to the brain through the olfactory nerve Odor contributes to flavor of foods

123. Taste Taste is sensed through taste cells – Receptor neurons on taste buds Four primary taste qualities – Sweet, sour, salty and bitter – Umami (fifth basic taste) – savory Flavor of food depends on odor, texture, temperature and taste Individuals have taste sensitivities

124. The Skin Senses

125. Touch and Pressure Sensory receptors in skin fire when skin surface is touched – Active touching Some areas of the body are more sensitive – Nerve endings are more densely packed – More sensory cortex is devoted to perception of sensations

126. Temperature Receptors are located just beneath the skin – Skin temperature increases – receptors for warmth fire – Skin temperature decreases – receptors for cold fire Sensations for temperature are relative

127. Pain Nociceptors in skin are stimulated – Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed – Pain can be felt deep within body – No nerve endings for pain in the brain

128. Pain Prostaglandins – Facilitate transmission of pain message – Heighten circulation to injured area (inflammation) – Pain-relieving drugs inhibit production of prostaglandins – Emotional response and response to stress affect degree of pain

129. Phantom Limb Pain 2 out of 3 combat veterans with amputated limbs report phantom limb pain – May involve activation of nerves in the stump of missing limb – May also involve reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex

130. Gate Theory of Pain Nervous system can only process a limited amount of stimulation – Rubbing the pained area competes for neural attention – Closes the “gate” on pain messages to the brain

131. Acupuncture Ancient Chinese method of pain control – Research shows it stimulates nerves to the hypothalamus releasing endorphins – Endorphins are similar in structure and effect to morphine

132. Kinesthesis and the Vestibular Sense

133. Kinesthesis Sense that informs you about the position and motion of your body – Sensory information is sent to the brain from sensory organs in joints, tendons and muscles

134. Vestibular System Housed mainly in semicircular canals in your ears Monitor your body’s motion and position in relation to gravity

135. ESP: Is There Perception Without Sensation? Video

136. Extrasensory Perception - ESP Perception through means other than sensory organs – Precognition – Psychokinesis – Telepathy – Clairvoyance

137. Existence of ESP Ganzfield Procedure – Method for studying the existence of ESP No reliable evidence for existence of ESP

138. Beyond the Book

139. Video Connections: The Ames Room Based on what you learn from the video about the Ames Room, how do visual artists use illusions to create a sense of depth in two-dimensional paintings?

140. PLAY VIDEO The Ames Room

141. Video Connections: The Ames Room Have you ever been surprised at how large the moon looks on the horizon, “resting” atop buildings or trees in the distance? How do you explain why it looks larger under these circumstances than when it is high in the sky? Can we rely on our past experience of rooms to make sense of the Ames Room? Why or why not?

142. Virtual Reality Perception of events that are fed directly into the sense via electronic technology Computer generated images used to overcome phobias Cybersex