1. Queen produces Queen Substance  produced in glands in head – supplemented with other smells  Chemicals picked up via retinue  odor  antennal contact  mouthpart contact  Chemicals shared w/ workers via food transmission  Chemicals picked up from beeswax comb (where she walks) R. Williamson photo

2.  inhibition of rearing replacement queens [i.e only 1 qn]  swarm stabilization [keeps swarm together]  Sex attraction [ how drones find qn]  retinue behavior [i.e. care of mom & food  stimulation of foraging brood rearing [“orders” to workers to work]  Hive functions [unifying and socializing] Qn Subst Functions The Social “glue” – but she is not the “ruler” transmission]

3.  Workers - Female caste = Eusocial Female Workers – do the work! R. Williamson Photo Worker nurse bee R. Williamson Photo  cleaning & hive maintenance  nursing

4. Hive Bee “Work”  cleaning  nursing  food processing - honey/pollen ripening & storage/packing L. Connor photo

5.  Nectar is passed from collector bee to hive bee - ripening to honey is both active & passive  Pollen is deposited directly by field bee – house bees pack and process  Water is passed to hive bee from collector  Propolis* used by hive bee directly from collector Food/Resource processing NECTAR, WATER & CHEMICAL EXCHANGE

6. Hive Bee “Work”  cleaning  nursing  food processing  secrete wax, cap cells & construct comb Workers festooning – most often seen in comb building R. Williamson Photo

7. Wax workers  Ventral view of worker with wax scales Worker with wax scale in mandible R Williamson photo Capping honey-filled cells with new wax L. Connor Photo R Williamson photo

8. Hive Bee “Work”  cleaning  nursing  food processing  secrete wax, cap & comb construction  food processing  guarding L. Connor Photo