1. FLUID FLOW FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Dr Mohd Azmier Ahmad Tel: +60 (4) 5996459 Email: chazmier@eng.usm.my EKC 212 CHAPTER 8 (PART 1) TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM & FLUID METERING

2. Symbols of chemical apparatus and instrumentation

3. PIPE, FITTINGS AND VALVES Pipe  A pipe is a tubular section used mainly to convey substances which can flow.  Pipe is heavy-walled & relatively large in diameter & comes in moderate lengths of 6 to 12m.  In chemical process plant, low-carbon steel (black-iron) & cast iron pipes are usually used.  Pipe is normally circular in cross section with (i) different sizes (diameters). (ii) materials. (iii) thickness of wall.  Specified by a nominal diameter with a constant diameter (ID & OD) & a schedule that defines the thickness. Large-scale piping system

5. For steel pipe, the standard diameters range from 1/8 to 12 in.

6.  The naming standard used to be IPS (Iron Pipe Size), but has been supplanted by NPS (Nominal Pipe Size).  For large pipe ( >12-in diameter) & tubing, the nominal value is close outside diameters.  For small pipe (3 to 12-in diameter) the nominal value is close to the inside diameter.  Wall thickness given by Birmingham wire gauge (BWG) : 24 (very light) – 7 (very heavy).  Selection of pipe sizes: (i) Costs of piping (ii) Power (iii) Maintenance (iv) Pipe stocking (v) Pipe fittings

7. Pipe Terminology  “Schedule” refers to the wall thickness  A higher schedule rating indicates a greater wall thickness.  ½" schedule 40 pipe has an OD of 0.840", thickness of 0.109" and ID of 0.622“  ½” schedule 80 has a wall of 0.147" and ID of 0.546", schedule 160 has a wall of 0.187" and ID of 0.466".  Remember that all schedules of the same nominal size must have the same OD to be compatible with the same size fittings

8. Types and Materials Cast Iron Pipe Brass Pipe Steel pipe:  Black steel  Carbon steel  Stainless steel  Galvanized steel Plastic pipes:  Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)  Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)  Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)  Reinforced Polymer Mortar (RPMP)  Polypropylene (PP)  Polyethylene (PE)  Cross-linked High-Density Polyethylene (PEX)  Polybutylene (PB)  Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene(ABS)

9. Steel Pipe Two types most commonly used in residential plumbing are galvanized and black steel. – –Galvanizing is a process that coats steel pipe to minimize corrosion, so it can be used to distribute potable water. – –Black pipe has no coating inside and a black finish outside Used for water and flammable gases (natural gas) supply piping (high heat resistance). For residential applications. Many gas codes still allow galvanized steel pipe to be installed for gas systems. The most common type of steel pipe is schedule 40.

10. Steel Pipe

11. Cast iron pipe is often used for transmission of water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe. Cast iron pipe was gradually superseded by ductile cast iron pipe (stronger and more fracture resistant) Cast iron pipe is also referred to as soil pipe. Cast Iron Pipe

13. It is used to manufacture faucets, valves, fitting & other products used in the plumbing industry to distribute potable water. Brass Pipe

14. Plastic pipe used for drainage waste etc. Three common wall thickness classifications are Schedule (S) 10, 40, and 80. PVC is the abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride. – –Popular because of its lightweight characteristics and method of joining – –Outside diameters manufactured to NPS standards All PVC used for residential applications has a maximum temperature rating of 60 o C. Plastic Pipe

16. Tubing  Tubing is thin-walled & often comes in coils of several hundred meter long. Tubing can be bent.  Tube is specified by the OD and wall thickness.  Copper tubing -Flexible: used extensively refrigeration, air conditioning, water and many other applications -It is available in hard and soft forms. Type M is the most common copper tube in the residential plumbing industry and is less expensive than types L and K. Type M (color coded RED) - thinnest wall Type L (color coded BLUE) Type K (color coded GREEN) - thickest wall

17. Copper Tubing

18. Other Tubing nylon tubing polyurethane tubing polyethylene tubing pvc tubing rubber tubing

19. Comparison between pipe & tubing

20. Joints & fittings 1.To connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and to regulate fluid flow. 2.Depend on the material & thickness of the wall. 3.Thick-walled : screwed fittings by flanges or welding 4.Thin-walled : by soldering or compression or compression fittings 5.Pipe of brittle materials (carbon or cast iron): by flanges 6.Pipe larger than 2-in : by flanges or welding flanges welding soldering compression fittings

21. Note : Flange = matching disks/rings of metal bolted together & compressing a gasket between their faces. Welding = normally used to join large steel pipe for high pressure service, stronger joints than other but it cannot be opened without destroying it. Compression fittings = use a soft metal ring which is squeezed onto the pipe & into the fitting by a compression nut. Thread = The ends of pipe are threaded externally with a threading tool. Tape of polytetrafluoroethylene is wrapped around the threaded end.

22. Compression fittings Thread Handheld welding Flange