1. Chapter 17

2.  Phylum: Chordata  Subphylum: Vertebrata  Class: Mammalia  Order: Artiodactyla  Suborder: Ruminata  Family: Bovidae  Genus: Bos  Species: taurus; indicus

3.  Third animal industry behind beef and combined poultry and eggs.  United States produces 15% of the worlds milk  Dairy cattle accounts for 25% of beef cattle

5.  Convert resources that cannot be used by humans into food that we can use. ◦ Forage consumption  Most efficient feed-to-food conversion of all domestic animals.  Spread of labor.

6.  Beef and dairy cattle hardly differed until 1850.  Advancements after the Civil War ◦ Condensed milk- Gail Borden, 1856 ◦ Mechanical refrigeration- 1861 ◦ Pasteurization- Louis Pasteur, 1864  Various breeds were imported and the industry was booming by 1868.

7.  Other inventions such as the refrigerated rail car, silos and cream separators allowed for milk to be produced year round and with more ease.  The dairy industry spread quickly, gaining its own collegiate class, as well as multiple quality control organizations.

8.  Least concentrated farm enterprise in the United States.  Located near large populations, with the exception of Wisconsin and Idaho.  Modern dairy farms are more likely to be sole farm activities rather than diversified farming.

9.  When the industry started, around 350,000 small dairy operations supported the country.  Today less than 100,000 large dairy operations take the place of that.  Minimal cost with maximum production.  Less cows are producing more milk, thus creating less need for so many operations.

12.  National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program (NCDHIP) was est. in 1965.  The DHIA requires the local and state level dairy cows to collect and process milk samples and weights 12 times a year.

13.  Genetic progress and tracking has allowed an increase from 14,319 lbs of milk to 26,219 lbs from 1962 to 2004.  Though genetics have allowed for an increase in milk, fat, and protein, the industry is facing an extreme challenge.

14.  Daughter Pregnancy Rate (DPR) is the percentage of time a cow would be expected to get pregnant during a three- week reproductive cycle during the breeding period of lactation.  The industry is facing the challenge of getting lactating cows pregnant.  A normal DPR would be between 1-5% and is currently ranging between -7.6 and -4.3%

15.  When looking at dairy cattle PTA traits are analyzed by the gain per year.  No weight is put on the milk output, but it has a positive correlation with fat and protein.  Smaller cows require less feed per pound of milk so less somatic cells are a positive change.

16.  Specialized breeds were imported to the US between 1868 and 1880.  Six breeds are used for dairy production including Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey and the Milking Shorthorn.  Holstein is by far the most popular and accounts for 95% of the DHIA performance test.

17.  The amount of dairy cattle is declining.  Crossbreeding has not been incorporated into the industry until recently.  Today the most common cross breed is Jersey-Holstein.  The pure Holsteins produced more milk on the first lactation, but the crossbreds suffered fewer still births and better fertility.

18.  Sterility and delayed breeding cause major losses in the dairy industry.  The calving and milk production decrease have to continuously cycle through.  A realistic goal of breeding dairy cattle is a 13 month cycle.

19.  Most dairy cattle are artificially inseminated.  In order to detect when the cow is in estrus, gomer bulls are used.  Heifers must be bred at 15 months in order to calve at 2 years of age.  They must be 65% of their adult weight at the time of insemination.  Reproductive diseases such as Bang’s disease, capmylobacteriosis, and trichomoniasis affect efficiency.

20.  Feed costs account for 45-65% of dairy cost.  Extra nutritional additives such as salt, calcium and phosphorous are necessary to keep up dam health.  High quality roughages are also necessary to keep animals gaining rapidly enough to support milking.

21.  Cows are kept in confinement facilities and are grouped by production level and fed a total mixed ration or TMR.  TMR allows the cattle to use fewer nutrients in procuring feed and can use it to produce milk.  TMR allows for easier maintenance and less mess, as well as no delay in milking time.

22.  Using TMR the producer also has more control over the total feeding program and exert less labor to feeding the herd.  A few of the disadvantages include the special equipment needed as well as the time diverted to grouping cattle by production level.

23.  In order to produce large volumes of high- quality milk, dairy cattle must be systemically healthy, reproductively sound and receive adequate nutritional support.  Herd health programs focus on prevention, planned examinations and sound recordkeeping.

24.  Mastitis is an inflammation of the udder caused by a wide variety of bacteria.  Mastitis effects the quality and quantity of milk.  Unsanitary conditions, faulty milking machines, and poor milking practices increase the risk of mastitis.

25.  Milk fever, also known as hypocalcemia, occurs most commonly around the time of calving.  The cattle undergo a sudden loss of calcium when milk production begins and interferes with normal nerve and muscle function.  Prevention is based on the dietary cation- anion difference and calcium diet during late pregnancy.

26.  The Abomasum is the true stomach of the ruminant and can be easily displaced due to its loose attachment to other abdominal organs.  This can lead to a slow or severely fast decrease of food intake and eventually death.  This most commonly occurs in dairy cattle the first few weeks after calving.

27.  Johne’s disease is a contagious intestinal disease that causes significant decreases in milk yields, as well as malnutrition and death.  Cattle usually become infected when they are less than six months old, but do not show signs of the illness until they are at least 2-6 years old.

28.  BST is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland of the cow. This triggers the production of milk in the udders.  Injections of BST increase milk production, but require a higher feed intake.  Milk yields can increase from 5 to 15 pounds per day per cow and individual cattle increase from 10-15%.

29.  This is safe for human consumption because the protein contained in BST is active only in cattle, 90% of BST found in milk is destroyed during the pasteurization process and the human body processes it as it would any other protein.  Today the industry uses posilac, which is the commercial grade rBST available to the market.

30.  Protein  Phosphorus  Calcium  Zinc  Riboflavin  Thiamin  B12  14%  32%  37%  11%  35%  8%  54%

31.  Restructuring ◦ Large industry rather than small business  Managers and Labor ◦ Family farms having nonfamily managers  Family Farms ◦ Beginning to be partners or part of corporate companies  Technology ◦ More efficient machinery as well as the increased use of yield increasing hormones.

32.  Genomics is the study of how DNA of any species is organized and expressed as traits.  Genetics are coded according to the base pairing C, G, T and A which account for specific traits.  People have used this technology to select specific desirable traits through breeding.

33.  Artificial insemination is the highest used breeding process in dairy cattle.  Embryo transfer is also used.  When an elite female is recognized at a young age but is not old enough to calve, she becomes a contributor to embryo transfer.

34.  Trends ◦ Fluid milk consumption has decreased per capita in the past ten years. ◦ Cheese and yogurt consumption have increased dramatically. ◦ Consumption of lower fat milk products has increased due to health consciousness. ◦ Organic milk products take up 3% of the market and is growing.

35.  Environmental Concerns ◦ Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) produce significant amounts of land and water pollution.

36.  Dairy has had an increase in demands around the world.  In the past years export has increased to 13%  The export increase has allowed fast-food pizza and cheeseburgers to become popular in China, India and other Southeast Asian Nations.

37.  Dairy products provide 11% of all yearly cash receipts from agriculture (approx. $26 billion).  The dairy industry is dispersed across the country.  The dairy industry is restructuring and new renovations are being made constantly.  Herd health is essential to the industry.

38.  Damron, W. S. (2013). Introduction to Animal Science. In W. S. Damron, Introduction to Animal Science (pp. 327- 353). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.