1. Where are migrants distributed?

2.  Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out- migration  North America, Europe, and Oceania have net in-migration  Largest flows: to Europe from Asia, to North America from Asia, and to North America from Latin America  There is also a lot from Europe to North America and from Asia to Oceania  Flows tend to be from LDCs to MDCs (from stage 2/3 countries to stage ¾ countries)

3.  35 million people in the US were born in other countries  More than half are from Latin America and more than a fourth are from Asia  Over ½ the Latin American immigrants are from Mexico  Other countries with large immigrants are Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the UK

4.  12% of America’s population are immigrants  The US has the largest number of immigrants of any countries though (35 million)  Other countries have higher percentages though (Kuwait has 68% and UAE has 74%)  Many people go to the wealthier Middle Eastern countries from the poorer ones

5. Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

6. Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

7.  http://www.nytimes.com/ref/world/2007062 2_CAPEVERDE_GRAPHIC.html# http://www.nytimes.com/ref/world/2007062 2_CAPEVERDE_GRAPHIC.html#

8.  Over 30 million immigrants live in the US today  Everyone on the North and South American continents descends from an immigrant somewhere back in history  The United States is truly a nation of immigrants

9.  America has had 3 periods of immigration  (0 Period: Asians to the Americas (~20,000 years ago)  1 st : Settlement of the colonies (1600s-1700s)  English (pull), Africans (push)  For land, economic opportunities, social advancement, resources, adventure, glory, slavery  2 nd : Mid-1800s to early 1900s  Europeans (western then eastern)  For land, economic opportunities, social advancement, resources, to avoid famine (Irish)  3 rd : 1970s to present  3/4s Latin American or Asian  For economic opportunities, jobs, resources

10.  Freedoms  Jobs  Land  Resources  “The land of opportunity”  Social treatment  Social opportunities  Political opportunities

11.  Most immigrants in American history have been young men looking for economic opportunity  Most go to cities and urban centers  Most have felt resentment/nativism

12. Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

13.  1 st Peak: 1840s/1850s: 4.3 immigrants (more than twice the number from the past 250 years), most were from Ireland (potato famine) and Germany (political unrest/ poor economy)  They were the first Europeans really resented (the Irish were Catholics and the Germans refused to give up their German language  Hostility towards foreigners is called nativism

14.  2 nd Peak: 1880s: more than 500,000 immigrants per year, most were still from western and northern Europe like Germany and Ireland, but many started coming from Scandinavia and other regions, including Eastern European groups like the Italians and Polish/ many settled in ethnic neighborhoods of cities/ another surge in nativism

15.  3 rd Peak: 1890-1915: over a million immigrants a year from 1900-1915/ More than 90% were European/ Most were from Italy, Russia, Austria- Hungary, and Eastern Europe/ most came for economic reasons  Most Europeans came to the US when their countries reached stage 2 (high) growth- this put strains on resources and upped competition so people came to the US for jobs and resources and land (as they entered stages 3 and 4, emigration slowed)

16.  Stage 1: low growth/ nomadic migration  Stage 2: high growth/ high emigration  Stage 3: slowing growth/ less emigration  Stage 4: low growth/ low emigration  Stage 1-2 countries would tend to have lots of emigration and little immigration  Stage 3 countries are split- less-developed ones tend to have more emigration than immigration/ the more-developed ones are opposite  Stage 4 countries tend to have more immigration than emigration

17. Ellis Island is connected to New Jersey by bridge. Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty are south of Ellis Island. GIS helped resolve a territorial dispute between NY and NJ over this island.

20.  Asians +/- 18,000 years ago  Africans during 1600s-1800s  Native Americans from 1600s to 1900 (forced emigration like the Trail of Tears)  Asians during mid-1800s to 1880s when it was limited (Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882/Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan 1904)  Eastern Europeans during first quarter of 1900s (until National Origin Act, Emergency Quota Act)

21.  1970s to the present: immigrants from Latin America and Asia  Asia was the main homeland of immigrants coming to the US in the 1970s and 1980s  Most came from China, Philippines, India, and Vietnam (the Hmong came in very large numbers and number over 180,000 today in America)  They came as refugees after the Communist take over of most of Indochina (they had helped American troops)  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ecW-d- CBPc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ecW-d- CBPc&feature=related

23. Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

24.  Latin American immigrants became the larger group in the late 1800s to present day  2 million immigrated between 1820 and 1960  Over 13 million immigrated since 1960  Undocumented immigrants make that number much higher  Mexico has sent the US more immigrants than any other country

25.  The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act issued visas to hundreds of thousands of people who had entered the US in previous years illegally  This act increased numbers  In 1991, 1.8 million immigrants were admitted (the highest year)  Economic reasons are still the main drives

26. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

27.  Diversity (melting pot or salad bowl?)  Everyone is or is descended from an immigrant  The first Europeans set cultural, social, and economic standards  Our government is founded on European ideal  Several European countries are some of our biggest allies and trading partners  Diffusion of culture (relocation diffusion)  The US is settled  Conflicts  Nativism- hostility toward foreigners  Fights for resources (pushing Native Americans to different lands)  Issue over treatment of immigrants  Illegal aliens/Undocumented immigrants

28.  An alien is a non-citizen living in a country- legal or illegal  An undocumented alien/immigrant is illegally here  Quotas are in place to limit immigration (we’ve used these for much of our history)  More people want to come than quotas permit so they come illegally when they can’t come legally quite often

29.  It’s estimated that there are around 12 million aliens living here illegally  Most from Latin America  Most of those from Mexico  Most of the illegal immigrants are men, but the number of women is quickly rising  There are around 2 million children who are illegal immigrants

30.  Many enter as tourists or students, but remain after they are supposed to leave  Others illegally cross the border  The border with Mexico is around 2,000 miles long and hard to patrol adequately  Around 1.3 million undocumented immigrants are caught each year and are deported (most return back to the states later illegally)

31. 234 million whites of European descent 39 million Latinos 37 million African Americans 12 million + Asians and Pacific Islanders 2.8 million Native Americans More than 200 million Christians, but almost all world religions are practiced here

32. Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

33. The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

34. Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

35.  Immigration policies of host countries  U.S. quota laws  Temporary migration for work  Time-contract workers  Economic migrants or refugees?  Cultural problems living in other countries  U.S. attitudes to immigrants  Attitudes to guest workers

36.  More than half are in four states (California, New York, Florida, and Texas- ½ of those are in California)  Coastal states were once the main entry point because most came by ship  Today most arrive by cars/trucks or planes  Coastal states are still popular

37.  The states along the Mexican border are particularly popular (distance decay)  Many go toward cities (however, a very large portion of immigrants from Latin America are farm laborers so they often are split more between urban and rural areas)  Many go where they have relatives or other people from their home live there (chain migration)

38.  People born in a country who resent foreigners and immigrants are called nativists  They feel threatened in some way- job competition, cultural influence, etc…  Persecution of foreigners is a common result of migration (in all countries)  It is most common amongst your working class (job competition)  It goes in phases  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdE3PA_rw WY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdE3PA_rw WY  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_xccxLZIG Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_xccxLZIG Y

39.  http://www.wimp.com/immigrationpoverty/ http://www.wimp.com/immigrationpoverty/