1. Approaches to teaching the Holocaust

2. The Holocaust Germans Nazis Hitler Anne Frank Jews Gas chambers Auschwitz Second World War 6,000,000

3. The Holocaust: an Overview

4. Jews in Germany, 1933-42 Laws passed to take away citizenship; forbidden to marry non-Jews; segregation Businesses confiscated: jobs lost Propaganda in newspapers and schools “Casual” violence Concentration camps Kristallnacht: Jewish property destroyed Emigration

5. Poland, 1939-42 Polish Jews were confined to ghettos: walled off areas of the cities. Confiscation of property Overcrowding and disease Starvation Slave labour Transportation

6. Russia, 1941 “ Death Squads” sent in. Mass shootings into open graves. First use of gas (Carbon monoxide) to kill Jews in mobile gas vans First use of gas in a concentration camp

7. The Final Solution, 1942 Agreed at the Wannsee Conference. The “Final Solution” was the plan to murder all Jews in Europe. Establishment of Death Camps (Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, Auschwitz and others) Jews from occupied Europe transported for “resettlement” to the East. Murdered in the death camps, using the gas Zyklon B. Huge gas chambers. Bodies buried or cremated.

8. Auschwitz-Birkenau Joint Concentration and Death camp Jews went through a “Selection” on arrival. The young and old, and mothers with children were murdered within 1 hour of arrival. Others were used as slave labour.

9. Perpetrators, Victims, By-Standers, Rescuers, Resistance

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11. Reinhard Heydrich Ordered Polish Jews into ghettos Ordered deployment of the Einsatzgruppen in USSR Architect of the Final Solution 1

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13. Heinrich Himmler Head of the SS, the Nazis’ main instrument of terror. The most powerful man in Germany after Hitler 2

14. Hana Senesh A Jew from Palestine, joined the British army in 1943. Parachuted into Serbia to fight the Nazis and help Jews to hide. Caught crossing the Hungarian border, was tortured by the Gestapo and then executed. 3

15. Kurt Gerstein Joined the SS in 1941 to uncover their murder of patients with disabilities Witnessed in 1942 the gas chambers of Belzec and Treblinka Reported his findings to Swedish, Dutch and British. All refused to act. Committed suicide in 1945. 4

16. Manfred Bernhardt Manfred is shown with his sister, Gerda. They were from a happy, working class family from Dortmund, Germany. Manfred was born with a mental disability and was diagnosed with ‘epilepsy’ and idiocy. In1942 his paernts reluctantly sent him to Aplerbeck asylum, a children’s care home. He became 1 of 70,000 Germans labelled “unworthy of life” by German doctors. He was murdered by doctors as part of the secret “euthenasia” programme. 5

17. Leopold Socha A petty criminal and sewer worker, Socha and his workmates came upon some Jews hiding in the Lvov sewers. At great personal risk, in return for money the workers brought food, water and news. When the money ran out, Socha continued to keep them alive, even taking their clothes to be washed weekly Ten of the group survived for nearly a year before Lvov was liberated and Socha led them from the tunnels. 6

18. Albrecht Becker Put on trial for homosexuality and sent to prison in 1935. On his release joined the German army and served for 3 years on the Russian front 7

19. Amalie Schaich At 9, put in children’s home: parents sent to Dachau. Deported to Auschwitz in May 1944. One of only 2,000 “Gypsies” who survived Auschwitz. During the Holocaust at least 200,000 Roma and Sinti were killed. 8

20. Jack Kagan Of this group of Russian children, only 3 survived the war. Aged 14, having lost his toes through frostbite, escaped from Nowogrodek camp. Joined a group of resistance fighters, living in the forests. Sheltered Jewish fugitives. 9

21. Magdalena Kusserow As Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Kusserows refused to say “Heil Hitler” or salute the Nazi flag on religious grounds. The family were gradually arrested. At 17, Hannah was arrested, imprisoned, and sent to a concentration camp. She survived and now lives in the USA 10

22. Irma Grese Born Germany 1923 Defied her father and became an SS guard. Worked at Ravensbruck, Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen. Vicious guard: beat inmates, shot and set dogs on prisoners, involved in selection for gas chamber. Had lampshades made from human skin. Sentenced to death and executed 11

23. Using Images: The Warsaw Ghetto

39. Using photographs as evidence Study the next photograph carefully. SEEWhat can you SEE in the photograph? DEDUCEWhat can you DEDUCE from the photograph? Who took it? Why? When?

41. Look at the selection of photographs from the Warsaw Ghetto. If you could use only THREE of these images in a study unit on Ghetto life, which would you choose? Now, if you could use only ONE, which would it be?

42. Using written sources The Diary of Eva Heyman

43. Using written sources The Letters of Karl Kretschmer

44. “I have already told you about the shooting – that I could not say ‘no’ here either. But they’ve more or less said they’ve finally found a good chap to run the administrative side of things. The last one was by all accounts a coward. That’s the way people are judged here. But you can trust your Daddy. He thinks about you all the time and is not shooting immoderately …”

45. Ripples of Responsibility Arrange the slips onto the “Ripples of Responsibility” diagram. Who was responsible for the Holocaust?