1. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 1 Harmonised Measurements and their International Recognition Wolfgang Schmid Head of Secretariat, EURAMET e.V. wolfgang.schmid@euramet.org www.euramet.org

2. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 2 Length 4600 and 500 years ago Time 5000 and 3000 years ago What is Metrology?

3. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 3 a)Car manufacturer has providers of the from different countries/continents: - How can he be sure that the parts fit together? - within a few micrometers b) Producer of food, pharmaceutics, electrical devices, toys … wants to import his products in the EU: How can he be sure that he meets all EU product specifications stated in corresponding standards and directives for the consumer protection?

4. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 4 Measurement units – the SI … and their realisation and dissemination via measurement standards What do we need to harmonise?

5. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 5 NASA's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss September 30, 1999 web posted at: 1:46 p.m. EDT, CNN NASA lost a $125 million Mars orbiter because one engineering team used metric units while another used English units for a key spacecraft operation, according to a review finding released Thursday. http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9909/30/mars.metric

6. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 6 Measurement units – the SI … and their realisation and dissemination via measurement standards “Metrology language”: VIM, ISO … … and general procedures (e.g. measurement uncertainty) What do we need to harmonise?

7. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 7 International Guidance Documents GUM VIM Calibration Verification Ajustment National Standard Primary Standard Inter- Comparison Traceability Standard Uncertainty Expanded Uncertainty k = 2 or 3 ? ? Docs are available for free download www.bipm.org Docs are available for free download www.bipm.org Base Unit

8. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 8 Measurement units – the SI … and their realisation and dissemination via measurement standards “Metrology language”: VIM, ISO … … and general procedures (e.g. measurement uncertainty) Calibration procedures for specific metrology fields … … and legal metrology procedures What do we need to harmonise?

9. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 9 Calibration Guides

10. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 10 - The International System of Units (SI) - Traceability and Measurement Standards - International and Regional Cooperation in Metrology: Metre Convention, CIPM, BIPM, RMOs - Mutual Recognition Arrangements: the CIPM MRA Outline of the talk:

11. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 11 International System of Units (SI)

12. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 12 1875 Metre Convention BIPM Brief history of the SI 1799 Academic of Sciences of Paris define the metric decimal system m kg “universal units” available to everybody 1889 1st CGPM Prototypes: metre kilogram 1954 10th CGPM m A kg K s cd 11th CGPM Resolution 12 Système International d´Unités 1960 11th CGPM The SI was born 1973 Mol 1999 International recognition of national measurement standards Signature CIPM MRA

13. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 13 Two classes of SI units Length Mass Time Luminous Intensity Amount of substance Thermodynamic Temperature Electrical Current A) Base units: 7 dimensionally independent units B) Derived units: By combination of base units QuantitySI derived unit - aream 2 - velocitym/s - densitykg/m 3 - force 1 N = 1 kg·m/s 2 newton - power1 W = 1 N·m/swatt - luminous flux1 lm = 1 cd·sr lumen - etc.

14. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 14 SI is a “coherent” set of units - All units are related to each other by rules of multiplication and division with no numerical factors other than 1 -Prefixes: Examples:1 km = 1000 m 1 µm = 10 -6 m = 0,000 001 m 1 kg = 10 6 mg = 1 000 000 mg Examples:1 km = 1000 m 1 µm = 10 -6 m = 0,000 001 m 1 kg = 10 6 mg = 1 000 000 mg

15. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 15 Definition Maintenance Realization Dissemination Application How is the SI connected to the practical measurements? … of the unit according to it´s SI definition … of the unit in a measurement standard … of the unit via calibrations Tasks of a National Metrology Institute (NMI)

16. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 16 The second Definition: The second is the duration of 9 192 31 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the casesium -133 atom. Year of definition: 1967 Measurement uncertainty achieved today: 10 -14 (1 µs per year) Atomic fountain clock: latest generation of Cs atomic clocks with an accuracy of 10 -15 Optical clocks (laser cooling): individual ions (e.g. Yb) or atoms Example: Base Unit of Time

17. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 17 The metre Definition: The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of (1/299 792 458) of a second. Year of definition: 1983 Practical realization: laser wavelength standards (with stabilized lasers of known wavelength and/or frequency) Measurement uncertainty achieved today: 10 -10 Example: Base Unit of Length

18. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 18 Traceability and Measurement Standards

19. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 19 PRIMARY STANDARD SECONDARY STANDARD WORKING STANDARD Measuring Instrument SI Unit Measurement Metrological Traceability Realisation Calibration Metrological Traceability: Property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty (VIM 2.41) Metrological Traceability: Property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty (VIM 2.41) Measurement Uncertainty Primary Standard: -direct realisation of a unit according to its definition Primary Standard: -direct realisation of a unit according to its definition “source” of traceability to the SI 

20. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 20 Measurement Uncertainty Measurement Uncertainty: Non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used. (VIM 2.26) Measurement Uncertainty: Non-negative parameter characterising the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used. (VIM 2.26) Parameter quantifying the accuracy of measurements  GUM procedure: -Statistical approach -Rules for combining random errors and unknown systematic errors to a combined standard uncertainty GUM procedure: -Statistical approach -Rules for combining random errors and unknown systematic errors to a combined standard uncertainty There is no perfect measurement ! Random errors Systematic errors

21. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 21 Mass standardsMass link-up International kilogram Prototype (Material Pt-Ir) National kilogram Prototype N° 52 of the Federal Republic of Germany Main basic standards of PTB (Material: stainless steel) Reference standards of the verification authorities Reference standards of companies (DKD ) Verification standards (Local verification offices, companies, DKD laboratories, etc.) Working standards as the need arises at BIPM  as the need arises ≤12 years at BIPM as the need arises  5 years at PTB  10 years at PTB  5 years at the place of use  1 year at the place of use Secondary standards of BIPM (Working material Pt-Ir) Reference standards of PTB Example: Traceability Chain in Mass Measurements

22. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 22 National Measurement Standard National Measurement Standard: Measurement standard recognized by national authority to serve in a state or economy as the basis for assigning quantity values for other measurement standards for the kind of quantity concerned. (VIM 5.3) National Measurement Standard: Measurement standard recognized by national authority to serve in a state or economy as the basis for assigning quantity values for other measurement standards for the kind of quantity concerned. (VIM 5.3) -National standards are maintained in National Metrology Institutes (NMI) or Designated Institutes (DI). -A national standard can be a primary standard, a secondary standard or a standard even lower in the calibration hierarchy. -The decision on the metrological level of the standard depends on the specific requirements of the country and the available resources (and other factors) -The NMI or DI has to ensure the equivalence of its national standards to national standards of other countries. CIPM MRA 

23. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 23 BIPM SECONDARY CALIBRATION LABORATORY ORGANIZATION e.g. Industry NMI Comparisons NATIONAL STANDARDS OF OTHER ECONOMIES National Measurement Standard: Measurement standard recognized by national authority to serve in a state or economy as the basis for assigning quantity values … (VIM 5.3) National Measurement Standard: Measurement standard recognized by national authority to serve in a state or economy as the basis for assigning quantity values … (VIM 5.3) Reference Measurement Standard: Measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards … in a given organisation or at a given location (VIM 5.6) Reference Measurement Standard: Measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards … in a given organisation or at a given location (VIM 5.6) Types of Measurement Standards WORKING STANDARD Measuring Instrument REFERENCE STANDARD WORKING STANDARD REFERENCE STANDARD NATIONAL STANDARD Working Measurement Standard: Measurement standard that is used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or measuring systems (VIM 5.7) Working Measurement Standard: Measurement standard that is used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or measuring systems (VIM 5.7)

24. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 24 SI Definitions Traceable measurements in industry, testing labs, analytical labs, etc. National Standards Accredited Calibration Laboratory NMI or DI Primary Standard Reference Standard Options for Traceability NMI, DI of another country Secondary Standard Reference Standard Primary Standard Lower level Standard Primary Standard Reference Standard Primary Standard Reference Standard

25. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 25 Calibration Verification Laboratory Inter-Comparison Adjustment of a measuring system. Metrological activities Verification: Provision of objective evidence that a given item fulfils specific requirements (VIM 2.44) Verification: Provision of objective evidence that a given item fulfils specific requirements (VIM 2.44) Error of indication within permitted tolerance ? Calibration: Operation that … establishes a relation between the quantity values … provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and … uses this information for obtaining a measurement result from an indication (VIM 2.39) Calibration: Operation that … establishes a relation between the quantity values … provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and … uses this information for obtaining a measurement result from an indication (VIM 2.39)  Laboratory Inter-Comparison: Comparison of measurement standards of the same or similar metrological level; it demonstrates the equivalence of measurement standards Laboratory Inter-Comparison: Comparison of measurement standards of the same or similar metrological level; it demonstrates the equivalence of measurement standards Demonstrates the equivalence of measurement standards Adjustment of a measuring system: Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity to be measured (VIM 3.11) Adjustment of a measuring system: Set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity to be measured (VIM 3.11) Reduces indication errors of a measuring instrument

26. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 26 International and Regional Cooperation in Metrology: Metre Convention, CIPM, BIPM, RMOs

27. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 27 20 May 1875 - The Metre Convention was signed in Paris by 17 nations. It established the BIPM which is a permanent organizational structure for member governments to act in common accord on all matters relating to units of measurement. BIPM maintains scientific laboratories in areas: length, mass, time, electricity, ionizing radiation, chemistry Metre Convention, CIPM, BIPM

28. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 28 54 BIPM Members 27 Associates to the CGPM Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China Albania Belarus Bolivia Chinese Taipei Costa Rica Lithuania Macedonia, the FYR of Malta Moldova, Republic of Panama Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan The Netherlands Norway Pakistan Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Singapore Slovakia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Korea, DPR of Malaysia Mexico Thailand UK USA Uruguay Venezuela Turkey Croatia Kazakhstan Ecuador Cuba Estonia Jamaica Georgia Kenya Latvia Philippines Slovenia Sri Lanka Tunisia Ukraine Vietnam CARICOM Greece New Zealand Paraguay Peru Czech Republic DominicanR epublic Iran, Islamic Republic of Russian Federation Hong Kong (China) Korea Republic of Ghana http://www.bipm.org/en/convention/member_states/ BIPM Membership (January 2010)

29. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 29 20 May 1875 - The Metre Convention was signed in Paris by 17 nations. It established the BIPM which is a permanent organizational structure for member governments to act in common accord on all matters relating to units of measurement. BIPM maintains scientific laboratories in areas: length, mass, time, electricity, ionizing radiation, chemistry Metre Convention, CIPM, BIPM CIPM: 18 individuals from Member States meets annually to promote worldwide uniformity in units of measuremet CGPM: Representatives from supporting governments Meets in Paris every 4 years to discuss the status of international metrology

30. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 30 Metre Convention Diplomatic Treaty, 1875 CGPM General Conference for Weights and Measures BIPM International Bureau for Weights and Measures CC Consultative Committee CC Consultative Committee CC Consultative Committee NMI National Metrology Institutes NMI National Metrology Institutes NMI National Metrology Institute Member States International Senior Experts CIPM International Committee for Weights and Measures RMO´s Regional Metrology Organisations RMO´s Regional Metrology Organisations RMO Regional Metrology Organisations JCRB Joint Committee of Regional Bodies International structures within the Metre Convention

31. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 31 Regional Metrology Organisations (RMO) … … coordinate the collaboration between National Metrology Institutes (NMI) within a region

32. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 32 Regional Metrology Organisations (RMO)

33. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 33 Responsibilities of an RMO Facilitating traceability to primary realisations of the SI Coordination of inter-comparisons of national measurement standards Mutual review of technical competencies and quality systems Cooperation in metrology research and development Joint training and consultation Sharing of technical capabilities and facilities and others

34. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 34  Inaugurated in January 2007  Successor of EUROMET  Legal Entity: German non-profit association: e.V.  Members: 34 European NMIs  Associates: - IRMM - 3 NMIs applying for membership - 68 Designated Institutes  14 Liaison Organisations: - RMOs, BIPM - NMIs beyond Europe - regional/international Organisations Cyprus Example: European Association of National Metrology Institutes EURAMET

35. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 35  Cooperation in national measurement standards: - Facilitating traceability - International recognition: CIPM MRA  Cooperation in R&D in Metrology: - Research projects of the TCs (“ad-hoc”) - EMRP: Coordinated research programmes co-financed by the EC  Cooperation in national metrology infrastructure development: - Establishment of a Focus Group - Development of KT material  Policy advice, liaison activities, publicity: - Cooperation with European organisations in Q-Sector: EA, WELMEC, CEN, … - Strengthening links to the European Commission (EC) - Metrology congresses: participation / co-organisation Major Activities of EURAMET (as example for an RMO)

36. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 36 Mutual Recognition Arrangements: CIPM MRA

37. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 37 Equivalence of measurements and testing Equivalence of Measurements CIPM MRA Equivalence of National Measurement Standards Country 1 NMI Secondary and testing laboratories Products Accreditation Body ILAC MRA Equivalence of Accreditation Country 2 NMI Secondary and testing laboratories Products Accreditation Body

38. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 38 Mutual Recognition Arrangement: Establishes the degree of equivalence of national measurement standards Provides for mutual recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by NMIs Provides governments and other parties with a sound technical foundation for wider arrangements

39. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 39 Participation in the CIPM MRA (2009) Member Associate 48 Member States 26 Associates of the CGPM 2 international organizations (200 NMIs + DIs) 48 Member States 26 Associates of the CGPM 2 international organizations (200 NMIs + DIs) Slide provided by BIPM

40. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 40 NMIs and DIs participating in the CIPM MRA meeting this criteria:  have implemented quality/management systems that govern their deliver of services (ISO/IEC 17025 ;ISO Guide 34).  have their calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) peer reviewed and publicly declared in the BIPM  take part in key comparisons that validate their technical proficiency Slide provided by BIPM Criteria for participation

41. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 41 1.Results of key and supplementary comparisons 2.Documented results of past CC, RMO or other comparisons (including bilateral) 3.Knowledge of technical activities by other NMIs, including publications 4.On-site peer-assessment reports 5.Active participation in RMO projects 6.Other available knowledge and experience Support for CMCs NMIs that do not hold primary standards or primary measurement capabilities are required to have traceability to the SI (or if not yet feasible to an other internationally agreed reference) of their national standards or measurement capabilities established through the BIPM or through adequate calibration services of another NMI or other designated institute published in Appendix C of the CIPM MRA Slide provided by BIPM

42. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 42 http://kcdb.bipm.org/AppendixC

43. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 43 STEP 1 – Establishment of the needs of the country STEP 2 - Establishment of the technical capabilities to satisfy the needs (equipment and human resources), working under a QS according to ISO/IEC 17025 STEP 3 – Designate the institutes that will participate in the CIPM MRA activities STEP 4 – Participation in key and supplementary comparisons STEP 5 – International review of the CMCs and approval of the QS Slide provided by BIPM Steps to international recognition

44. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 44 Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison CIPM key Comparison BIPM CIPM key RMO key Supplementary Pilot Studies Highest level of accuracy, usually close to the “misse en practique” of the units (primary methods) Participation is limited to members of the Consultative Committees Reference value is determined by consensus among the participants Comparisons in the CIPM MRA Slide provided by BIPM

45. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 45 Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison CIPM key comparison BIPM Follow the same protocol of the CIPM Key Comparisons The reference value is linked to the CIPM KC through the NMIs that participate in both comparisons (at least two NMIs) CIPM key RMO key Supplementary Pilot Studies BIPM Slide provided by BIPM Comparisons in the CIPM MRA

46. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 46 Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison CIPM Key Comparison BIPM Cover areas not covered by the Key Comparisons (e.g., lower accuracy measurements, different techniques) CIPM key RMO key Supplementary Pilot Studies Slide provided by BIPM Comparisons in the CIPM MRA

47. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 47 Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison Regional Comparison CIPM key comparison BIPM Results are public and published in the KCDB with identification of the participants CIPM key RMO key Supplementary Pilot Studies Slide provided by BIPM Comparisons in the CIPM MRA

48. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 48 Slide provided by BIPM

49. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 49 Equivalence of measurements requires to use the same measurement units: the SI to establish traceability of the measurements to harmonise metrology concepts and measurement procedures Summary: International recognition of measurements requires transparency and achieving mutual confidence by international cooperation demonstration of metrological competence by successful participation in inter- laboratory comparisons getting CMCs and QMS evaluated:- CIPM MRA for NMIs - Accreditation for calibration laboratories

50. Seminar ”Metrology & Conformity Assessment”, Brussels, 1 -2 March 2010 50 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Wolfgang Schmid, Wolfgang Schmid, Head of EURAMET-Secretariat Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany secretariat@euramet.orghttp://www.euramet.org