1. MODALS

2. Form Modal verbs are followed by infinitives: I can swim You ought to learn how to swim Modal verbs can also be followed by Have + Third form of the verb ( perfect infinitive ) Or be + verb + -ing ( continuous infinitive ) She must have forgotten about our appointment. They may be watching the match

3. * The third singular doesn’t take –s : He can cook very well * Modal verbs don’t have –ing forms, past forms or passive third form. Negative form: To form the negative, we use modal verb + not ( not don’t / modal ) Questions Inversion of the modal and the subject: S + modal Could you help me, please ? We never use the modal verbs together: He must can come.

4. Can and can’t We use can : 1- to give or ask permission: You can go there if you like. Can I leave ? We can also use be allowed to for permission: we are not allowed to come home after midnight. I was allowed to leave the room during the test. We use could as a past form She said I could use her pen.

5. 2- To say that something is possible: Driving at more than 100km/h can be dangerous. 3- To talk about ability: I can ride a horse but I can’t drive. We use could to talk about ability in the past: I could swim when I was four. We use be able to to form other tenses for ability: I have been able to walk across the continent. I hope I’ll be able to speak English well.

6. We use can’t : ( منع ) 1- to express prohibition : You can’t smoke on the plane. 2- to say that something is impossible: Water can’t freeze in the temperatures above 0° C. 3- to express the lack of ability: I can’t speak Arabic. * When we talk about the past we use couldn’t: I couldn’t ride a bike when I was a very young. The car couldn’t go faster than 70 km/h. My grandmother couldn’t speak any foreign languages.

7. can 1- give or ask permission Can I leave? 3- talk about ability I can ride a horse 2- say that something is possible This can be dangerous. can’t 1- express prohibition. You can’t smoke on the plane. 3- express the lack of ability. I can’t speak Arabic. 2- say that something is impossible. Water can’t freeze in the temperatures above 0° C.

8. could We use could: 1- to make a request and ask for help: Could you give me a lift home? Could you tell Mary to phone me, please? Could I borrow you’re your newspaper for a moment. 2- to form the past of can( to express ability or lack of ability) I could have won the race. She couldn’t read the article because it was in French.

9. could 3- to speculate about the past or the present, to say that something is/ was perhaps true.: She could be Italian, she speak English with an accent. They could have lost our phone number – that’s why they didn’t phone. They couldn’t have arrived yet.

10. could We use could 1- to make a request and ask for help: 2- to form the past of can ( to express ability or lack of ability) 3- to speculate about the past or the present, to say that something is/ was perhaps true.:

11. Could and was/were able to *** WE use could and was/were able to to express ability or possibility in the past: * We use could to talk about general ability or possibility to do something in the past: I could swim when I was four. We could visit Venice often when we lived in Italy. * We use was/ were able to to say that we managed to do something in the past: I was able to swim across the lake.(it was difficult but I managed to do it)

12. Could and was/were able to Greece was able to beat Portugal in football. (it wasn’t easy but they did it) * We use couldn’t or not able to to say that someone didn’t have the ability or a possibility to do a specific thing in the past: The runner wasn’t able to finish the marathon. We weren’t able to see the solar eclipse.

13. Could and was/were able to general ability or possibility to do something in the past: ability or possibility in the past could say that we managed to do something in the past ability or possibility in the past was/were able to

14. Can’t and mustn’t * We use can’t and mustn’t to express prohibition: You can’t / mustn’t smoke on the premises. * We choose mustn’t when we talk about our own decisions, and we choose can’t to report decisions taken by other people: You mustn’t leave the class during the test. ( the teacher expresses his/her decision ) We can’t enter the museum without a ticket. ( the museum authorities have made this rule and we’re reporting their decision )

15. Can’t and mustn’t to express prohibition our own decision Can’t to express prohibition decisions taken by other peopl Mustn’t

16. Must We use must: 1- to talk about obligation 2- to speculate about the present or the past, when we want to express our certainty that something is or was true: She must be at home. Her light is on. Look at them, how happy they are. They must be enjoying the film. The ambulance arrived a few minutes after the accident. Someone must have called them.

17. Must and have to 1- we use must and have to to talk about obligation: I must find a job, my parents can’t support me any longer. I can’t go out now, I have to look after my baby sister. * We use must when we talk about our own decisions and we use have to to report decisions taken by other people : Teacher: You must write this essay for Monday. ( it’s the teacher’s own decision) Student: We have to write this essay for Monday. ( the student reports the teacher’s decision)

18. Must and have to * We can use have to for tenses and forms that are not possible with must : I will have to go to bed early tonight. I hate having to get up early. **Past obligations are always expressed with had to: The driver had to show his driving license when the police stopped him. In the middle ages people had to travel on foot or on horseback.

19. Must and have to talk about obligation talk about our own decisions We can’t use must for tenses must talk about obligation to report decisions taken by other people We can use have to for tenses have to

20. Not have to, not need to, needn’t and mustn’t We use not have to and not need to or needn’t to express lack of obligation. These expressions opposites of must ( showing obligation ): We don’t have to wear a uniform at our school. You don’t need to take a taxi, there is an excellent underground connection. We needn’t study very hard before this exam. * The past form of needn’t and not have to is didn’t have to: We didn’t have to wear school uniforms in primary school. When I was a child I didn’t have to help with the housework.

21. Not have to, not need to, needn’t and mustn’t We prefer needn’t when the decision was made by the speaker himself/herself, and not need/ have to when the speaker reports someone else’s decision: The match starts at 9.30. you needn’t come before 9.00 o’clock. The police officer says we don’t have to pay for parking here.

22. May/might We use may/ might : 1- when we ask for permission in a polite or formal way: May I sit here ? May I ask a question ? 2- when we are not sure if something will happen or not: I may go out tonight, if I’m not too tired. We may/might be late, if there is a traffic jam. The police may not find out the truth.

23. May/might speculate 3- when we speculate about past or the present, to say that perhaps something is or was true: He always sleeps during the day. He may like working at night. My mother was awake last night. She may/might be resting now. They have never been late before. They might have forgotten about our appointment.

24. May/might not and can’t speculate * We use may/ might not and can’t to speculate about the present or the past. perhaps * We use may/ might not to say that perhaps something isn’t or wasn’t true: He may not have enough money to buy you dinner. He may not have done the work yet. strong conviction * We use can’t to express a strong conviction that something isn’t or wasn’t true: You can’t enjoy horror stories?! She can’t have failed the test, she’s a very good student.

25. May/might not and can’t Compare Compare the sentences: He may not have a lot of money. (it’s possible that he doesn’t have a lot of money ) He can’t have a lot of money. ( it’s impossible that he has a lot of money. = it’s certain that he doesn’t have a lot of money)

26. Should / ought to We use Should and ought to : obligation 1- to express obligation: Everyone should learn first aid. You really ought to apologize. You shouldn’t watch so much television. give advice 2- to give advice: You should learn to drive. You ought to buy a good dictionary.

27. Should / ought to * We prefer shouldn’t to oughtn’t to : You shouldn’t use a dictionary for this exercise. * We use should(n’t)/ ought(n’t) to + have + third form of the verb regrets about the past ( perfect infinitive) to express regrets about the past I shouldn’t have asked him to repair the vacuum cleaner. They shouldn’t invited everyone from the office.