1. Evaluating Energy Resources  Renewable energy  Non-renewable energy  Future availability  Net energy yield  Cost  Environmental effects Fig. 15-12 p. 351

2. Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources Fig. 15-10 p. 350

3. North American Energy Resources Fig. 15-20 p. 356

4. Oil  Petroleum (crude oil)  Primary recovery  Secondary recovery  Tertiary recovery  Petrochemicals  Refining  Transporting Fig. 15-18 p. 355

5. Oil Shale and Tar Sands  Oil shale  Keragen  Tar sand  Bitumen Fig. 15-28 p. 361

6. Natural Gas  50-90% methane  Conventional gas  Unconventional gas  Methane hydrate  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)  Liquefied natural gas (LNG)  Approximate 200 year supply Fig. 15-29 p. 362

7. Coal  Stages of coal formation  Primarily strip-mined  Used mostly for generating electricity  Enough coal for about 1000 years  Highest environmental impact  Coal gasification and liquefaction

8. Fig. 15-30 p. 363 Coal

9. Burning Coal More Cleanly  Fluidized-Bed Combustion Fig. 15-32 p. 364

10. Nuclear Energy  Fission reactors  Uranium-235  Potentially dangerous  Radioactive wastes Refer to Introductory Essay p. 338 Fig. 15-35 p. 366

11. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Fig. 15-36 p. 367

12. Dealing with Nuclear Waste  Low-level waste  High-level waste  Underground burial  Disposal in space  Burial in ice sheets  Dumping into subduction zones  Burial in ocean mud  Conversion into harmless materials Fig. 15-40 p. 370

13. Nuclear Alternatives  Breeder nuclear fission reactors  Nuclear fusion  New reactor designs Storage Containers Fuel rod Primary canister Overpack container sealed Underground Buried and capped Ground Level Unloaded from train Lowered down shaft Personnal elevator Air shaft Nuclear waste shaft Fig. 15-42 p. 376

14. The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency  Net useful energy Fig. 16-2 p. 381  Life cycle cost Least Efficient  Incandescent lights  Internal combustion engine  Nuclear power plants

15. Efficiencies (fig. 16-4 p. 382)

16. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency  Insulation  Elimination of air leaks  Air to air heat exchangers  Cogeneration  Efficient electric motors  High-efficiency lighting  Increasing fuel economy

17. Electric and Hybrid Cars  Rechargeable battery systems  Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine  Fuel cells  Emissions  Transition technology  Fuel cells  Emissions  Transition technology Fig. 16-10 p. 365

18. Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat  Passive solar heating -free  Active solar heating – low cost

19. Using Solar Energy to Provide High- Temperature Heat and Electricity  Solar thermal systems  Photovoltaic (PV) cells Fig. 16-23 p. 398 Fig. 16-25 p. 400

20. Solar (photovoltaic cells)  Can be stored in batteries  New tech: thin panels, nanochips in exterior paint  $0.70 to $4 per watt (industrial to residential, natural gas $6/ watt)  Captial cost/peak power

21. Producing Electricity from Moving Water $1 watt  Large Scale Hydropower – river is blocked by dam, rushing water through turbines creates power  Large Scale Hydropower – river is blocked by dam, rushing water through turbines creates power  Negative: wildlife, silting, flooding, hab. destruction, water loss (increased surface area to evaporate),  Negative: wildlife, silting, flooding, hab. destruction, water loss (increased surface area to evaporate),  Tidal power plant – more predictable, Increase turbidity, decrease salinity, affect wildlife  Tidal power plant – more predictable, Increase turbidity, decrease salinity, affect wildlife  Wave power plant- limited commercial availability R&D improvements.  Wave power plant- limited commercial availability R&D improvements.  Small Scale Hydropower- waterwheel creates power, does not affect wildlife, 100 kW or less, requires specific flow

22. Producing Electricity from Heat Stored in Water  Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)  Heat engine between area of warm water and cooler water, as it passes through, creates energy. $0.07 per kwh, not widely used yet  Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)  Heat engine between area of warm water and cooler water, as it passes through, creates energy. $0.07 per kwh, not widely used yet  Saline solar ponds- due to salinity heat trapped at bottom is used for thermal energy for local buildings –rural and developing areas, Evaporated freshwater must be replaced. Low efficiency.  Saline solar ponds- due to salinity heat trapped at bottom is used for thermal energy for local buildings –rural and developing areas, Evaporated freshwater must be replaced. Low efficiency.  Freshwater solar ponds can be tied into grey water systems, Or radiant heating systems for business or residential if not commercially feasible  Freshwater solar ponds can be tied into grey water systems, Or radiant heating systems for business or residential if not commercially feasible

23. Producing Electricity from Wind Fig. 16-28 p. 402 Fig. 16-29 p. 402

24. Wind $8/watt and dropping AdvantagesDisadvantages

25. Producing Energy from Biomass  Biofuels  Biomass plantations  Crop residues  Animal manure  Biogas ch4 and co2  Ethanol  Methanol converted from waste thru bacteria Fig. 16-31 p. 404 Fig. 16-31 p. 404

26. The Solar-Hydrogen Revolution  Extracting hydrogen efficiently water, hydro- Carbon, bacteria (high heat or electricity) requires energy to make, may not be cost-effective  Extracting hydrogen efficiently water, hydro- Carbon, bacteria (high heat or electricity) requires energy to make, may not be cost-effective  Storing hydrogen compression or as liquid =difficulty transport Like LNG  Storing hydrogen compression or as liquid =difficulty transport Like LNG  Fuel cells efficient! Waste =h2o, heat, independence from grid, costly, BMW Fig. 16-33 p. 386

27. Geothermal Energy  Geothermal reservoirs  Dry steam  Wet steam  Hot water  Molten rock  Hot dry-rock zones Fig. 16-36 p. 409

28. Geothermal Reservoirs Fig. 16-37 p. 410

29. Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower  Centralized power systems  Decentralized power systems  Micropower systems neighborhood, highly efficient Fig. 16-39 p. 411 Fig. 16-40 p. 411

30. Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy Fig. 16-44 p. 414