1. Food and Agriculture Chapter 15 Environmental Science

2. Feeding the World Agriculture must provide most of the world’s population with food to survive. Food shortages can occur Famine Uses of food in the human body Energy Building and maintaining body tissues

3. Humans and Nutrition Calorie (Cal) Amount of energy available in food Equals 1,000 calories Nutrients that provide calories Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Malnutrition Condition when humans don’t consume enough calories or good variety of food (ex – eating only corn or rice) Amino acid deficiency

4. Sources of Nutrition Diet Type and amount of food that a person eats Healthy diet contains the right amounts of: Minerals Nutrients Vitamins Diets vary by region More developed countries eat more food

5. The Ecology of Food Food Efficiency Measure of quantity of food produced on a given area of land It takes more energy and land to produce an animal than a plant Therefore, it is more efficient to raise plants on a given area of land However, meat from animals has more nutrients Yield Amount of food that can be produced in a given area

6. World Food Problems Unequal Distribution If all food was divided equally worldwide, each person would not have enough for a healthy diet Causes Poverty Wars Political strife

7. World Food Problems, cont. Droughts Long period of time with below average rainfall Crops without irrigation will have low yields May cause a famine Effects of a drought can be felt for years No seeds to grow plants the following year People survive through one year of drought Multiple years of drought can cause severe problems

8. The Green Revolution Changes in growing crops (more produced) Use of new crop varieties Applying modern agricultural techniques Negative effects Use of more water, fertilizer, pesticides Equipment might degrade the soil Some overuse of pesticides and fertilizers

9. Assignment Page 383 Section 1 Review #1-5

10. Crops and Soil Arable land Land that can be used to grow crops Steps to farming arable land 1. Plowing - Mixes nutrients, loosens soil, uproots weeds 2. Fertilization - Adds nutrients to the soil (ex - manure) 3. Irrigation 4. Pest Control - Weeds are removed by hand or machine

11. Fertile Soil Topsoil (rich in organic matter) How soil forms Rock is broken down into smaller fragments Wind, Water Chemical weathering  Minerals in rock react with water to form new materials Fungi and bacteria (Decompose dead plants) Earthworms and insects Break up soil to allow plant roots to grow Fertile soil will have many earthworms in it

12. Soil Erosion About ½ of US topsoil has been lost to erosion in past 200 years All farming methods increase erosion Plows loosen the soil Plants with roots are removed Soil is now exposed to wind and water Land Degradation Human activities or natural processes damage the land

13. Soil Conservation Desertification When land that is arid becomes more desert-like Caused by human activity and climate changes Reducing erosion Contour plowing (Plow across slope, not up & down) Leaving strips of vegetation across the hillside No-till farming No plowing before planting the seeds – saves time Not usable for all crops and could have lower yields

14. Enriching the Soil Traditional fertilizers (manure, leaves) Fertilizers today N, P, & K Helps yields to be twice as much as before Can pollute the waterways if runoff carries it Compost Partly decomposed organic matter  Manure, yard waste, crop waste Saves costly landfill space, easy to use

15. Salinization Accumulation of salts in the soil Problem in places with low rainfall and naturally salty soil (CA and AZ) Irrigation water has a high level of salt After the water evaporates, the salt is left Plants won’t grow if soil has too much salt Lined irrigation canals can help prevent this

16. Assignment Section 2 Mid – Section Review Page 388 # 2-4, 6

17. Pest Control Pest problem Kills 33% of crops worldwide Pest Any organism that is not wanted or occurs in a large population which causes economic damage Pest can be a plant, insect, fungi or microorganism

18. Pesticides Chemicals used to kill insects, weeds and other crop pests Allows farmers to control pest populations in their crops Can harm beneficial plants and insects, wildlife and sometimes people

19. Pesticide Resistance The ability to survive exposure to a particular pesticide This happens after years of applying the same pesticide to a given area How to correct this problem Use different brands of pesticides each year

20. Human Health Concerns Pesticides are meant to kill Can increase the occurrence of cancer Can make a person very ill People who live near factories are at risk of accidental chemical leaks Always follow safety guidelines to protect yourself when working with chemicals

21. Pollution and Persistence Persistence When a pesticide does not break down easily or quickly in the environment Persistent chemicals will cause pollution They accumulate in soil and water Most persistent chemicals are now banned Example - DDT

22. Pest Management Biological Pest Control Use of living organisms to control pests Types Pathogens  Organisms that cause disease  Example – Bt kills caterpillars that become moths, etc. Plant Defenses  Genetically bred to withstand pests Chemicals from plants (biodegradable)

23. Biological Pest Controls, cont. Disrupting insect breeding Growth regulators Chemicals that interfere with pest life cycles Pheromones Chemicals produced by one organism that affects another Female moths release pheromone that attracts males Farmers confuse males by spraying plants This disrupts the moths’ breeding patterns

24. Integrated Pest Management Method of controlling pests on crops Every crop has its own management plan Farming methods Biological pest control Chemical pest control Plan is set into place once the pest has been identified

25. IPM, cont. Steps to IPM 1. Biological methods - Natural predators - Pathogens - Parasites 2. Cultivation controls - Vacuuming pest off the plants 3. Chemical control - small amounts of insecticides are used

26. Engineering a Better Crop Genetic engineering Genetic material in a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use Genes are isolated in one organism Genes from another organism are then added This results in genetically modified plants We eat a large amount of food that has been genetically engineered

27. Sustainable Agriculture Farming that conserves natural resources Helps keep the land productive indefinitely AKA – low-input farming Uses less water, energy, pesticides, fertilizers

28. Assignment Section 2 Review Page 394 #1-6

29. Animals and Agriculture Food from animals has been the basis for life for thousands of years Most of this food coming from domesticated animals (cattle, sheep, goats) Fish problem - overharvesting Ways to control overharvesting  No-fishing zones (Allows the fish time to reproduce)  Aquaculture  Raising of aquatic organism for human use  China is the world leader in aquaculture production

30. Aquaculture Methods Fish farm Individual ponds that have fish at different life stages Clean water circulates through constantly Ranch Fish are raised to a certain age, then released Common types of fish produced Catfish, salmon, crayfish, rainbow trout Other water organisms such as oysters

31. Problems with Aquaculture Creates a large amount of wastes Can cause pollution Requires a large amount of water Can deplete local water sources Sensitive wetlands can be damaged When aquaculture operations are located here

32. Livestock Domesticated animals that are raised to be used on a farm or ranch or to be sold for profit Serve many functions Provide food Provide other products like leather, wool, eggs Pull carts and plows Provide manure as fertilizers or as fuel

33. Ruminants Cud-chewing animals that have four sections to their stomach Cattle, sheep, goats Cud Food that is regurgitated and chewed again Microorganisms in their stomach Allows them to digest plant material Animals used for meat and milk

34. Poultry Domesticated birds raised for meat & eggs Chicken Turkeys Ducks Geese Poultry is also used for their droppings Excellent fertilizer sources

35. Assignment Section 3 Review Page 399 #1-4

36. Chapter 15 Review Pages 401-403 #6-27, 29, 35-38